Analgesic Drugs Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment was to understand the pharmacokinetics of the drug acetaminophen within the body, specifically focusing on its partition coefficient, drug protein interaction and its bioavailability through various form of administration. The bioavailability of the drug was determined to be 100% for IV because the drug is injected directly into the systemic circulation in its active form and this is also visible on Figure 4, where the initial concentration of drug is much higher than in PO and IP. For PO and IP administration, the bioavailability was determined to be 72.6% and 39.1%, respectively. This makes sense because both of these type of administration involve the first-pass effect where a portion of the drug is metabolized by peripheral organs, especially the liver in this case, and therefore the amount of active drug reaching the circulation is less. PO administration, however has a much higher content reaching the circulation than IP, because the IP route involves passing through the whole gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the liver while the IP route injects the drug into the

These prostaglandin chemicals are produced by enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX). The job of the NSAID is to block the COX enzymes, thus prohibiting it from producing prostaglandins and therefore inflammation is reduced. The purification of the unknown will be done through a process called flash chromatography, a microscale version

The drawback is that column chromatography is very time consuming; one way to combat this is to utilize flash chromatography, which involves a nitrogen pressure stream pushing the mobile phase through the column. The differences in polarity allow for the effective separation of the various components. The more polar compounds adhere to the polar silica or alumina stationary phase for a longer time. The less polar components elute first and then the polarity of the solvent is increased in order to elute the more polar compounds. Collecting small fractions is essential in column chromatography because they can be combined together; large fractions can lead to multiple compounds in a specific fraction.

Isolation of Ibuprofen: Fifteen 200 mg ibuprofen tablets were used, which was 3.37g (16.34 mmol, 112.3%) ibuprofen. This amount of ibuprofen was submerged in 25 mL of acetone and stirred vigorously for 5 minutes to dissolve. Red coatings of the tablet were separated and vacuum filtration was utilized to dissolve all insoluble components. The melting point range of the crude ibuprofen was 72.4-73.9°C. The major bands from the IR are, FTIR:

The voltammetric measurement has been performed by transferring the oxidized TMB solution to the 96X carbon electrode. Thus, linear sweep voltammetry were measured by sweeping the potential from +6.00 to -2.00 mV. The calibration curve couldn 't be plotted with the obtained voltammograms, therefore, the cocaine-benzoylecgonine antibody concentration has been raised to 0.05 µg/ml (10 fold more) and the tracer dilution ratio to 1:10000. That leads to increase the absorbance (OD) detected by ELISA to 4. The obtained voltammograms were investigated and the calibration curve was plotted. It showed non linear four parameter logistic relationship fit between the concentration of cocaine and the potential applied.

Statement of Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether over the counter pain killers, for example, aspirin, coated aspirin and fast acting aspirin dissolve at different rates affected by the level of acidity in the solvent. Background Research and Theory Drug Solubility is important to patients as well as to manufacturers because drugs, in this case, pain killers, have to dissolve to pass into the blood stream for the medication to take effect. The enhancement of solubility of a prescribed drug increases its oral bio-availability – its availability to be used by the body.

The purpose of this experiment is to assess which type of analgesic, over the counter, medication will have a significant impact on the stomach pH. Many people use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) primarily to treat inflammation, relieve pain, etc. Analgesic medications such as Naproxen Aleve, Motrin 800, Nuprin Advil, and Tylenol utilized in this experiment are widely used by the community to treat headaches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, injuries, etc. The most prevalent side effects are vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, drowsiness, and headache. Since these analgesic drugs upset the stomach, they presumably acidify the stomach pH. Occasionally, some of the stomach acid could escape into the esophageal. Due to the fact that the esophagus

In this lab, we tested 8 known ingredients to find what ingredients was in our unknown A and unknown B medications. We first tested the water solubility of our knowns and unknowns. We found that of the knowns, cornstarch and acetaminophen were the only ones not water soluble. The unknowns were also not water soluble. Th next test was the pH test.

Then, the antacid medicine, Medi-First, was placed in the 250 mL beaker. After, 5 drops of the indicator, phenolphthalein, was added to the 250 mL beaker with the addition of the magnetic stir bar. Second, the 250 mL beaker was placed on a magnetic stirrer on level 6 until the antacid was completely mixed in. Once the solution was prepared the beaker was placed on the base of the burette holder under the burette. Third, 32.7 mL of sodium hydroxide was poured into the 50 mL burette.

The aim of this experiment is to take an Excedrin tablet and use the varying acidities of the 3 active components to separate them using acid-base

1. Aims a) To find the molar absorptivity of salicylic acid by plotting a graph of absorbance against the concentration of salicylic acid, using the standard solution. b) To find the concentration of aspirin at the various time intervals using the molar absorptivity value in the previous part, initial concentration of aspirin and the concentration of salicylic acid obtained from the decomposition of the aspirin pill. c) Lastly, to calculate the rate constant of the decomposition of aspirin by plotting a graph of ln[aspirin] against time and making use of the gradient of the best fitted line along with the standard deviation. 2.Data

Cotton wool was placed into the funnel; this was followed by pouring hot water onto the cotton wool before filtering the dissolved paracetamol crude solution to remove any insoluble materials. Watch glass was placed on beaker containing filtrated solution and the solution was allowed to cool slowly. After the filtrated solution had cooled up, it was placed into a beaker containing cold water. The corners of the beaker containing filtrated were scratched to allow the crystals to form. The purified paracetamol was collected by filtering through a funnel containing cotton wool.

This formulation is equipotent to Diprivan but is associated with a higher incidence of pain on injection.24 An alternative to emulsion formulations of propofol and associated side effects (pain on injection, risk of infection, hypertriglyceridemia, pulmonary embolism) is creation of a prodrug (Aqauvan) by cleaving groups to the parent compound that increase its water solubility (phosphate monoesters, hemisuccinates). Propofol is liberated after hydrolysis by endothelial cell surface alkaline phosphatases. In this regard, injection of the water-soluble prodrug results in propofol and dose dependent sedative effects. Compared with propofol, this prodrug has a larger volume of distribution and higher potency.24 A nonlipid formulation of propofol uses cyclodextrins as a solublilizing agent.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was the first chromatographic method for assessing phospholipids, and is commonly used today.

Spectrophotometric methods are described in this paper, the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and ibuprofen using derivatives of the ratio spectra method (Yousry M., 2011), and the determination of Ibuprofen using difference spectroscopy (Hapse S.A, 2011). The objective of this work is to use these methods to establish a straight-forward, rapid and precise method in the analysis of Ibuprofen for undergraduate laboratory practical’s. The second aim of this work is to establish a method to separate pharmacologically active components in over-the-counter medication by solvent extraction. The chosen medication, Excedrin®, contains three active components, aspirin, acetaminophen and caffeine, and a binding material. One tablet contains 250mg of aspirin, 250mg of acetaminophen and 65mg of caffeine.