Unit 7 Assignment Acid-Base Balance: Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Tianna Robinson February 23,2016 SC131: Human Anatomy and Physiology Normal blood pH ranges from7.35 to 7.45. When blood pH decreases below 7.35 an acidosis occurs. Respiratory acidosis is caused when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide that is produced by the body and body fluids become too acidic (Respiratory acidosis, 2014). Ranges that are normal for PaCO2 are 35-45 mm Hg. A lung condition that affects breathing or impairs the lung’s ability to remove CO2 may be the cause of respiratory acidosis. Some causes are multiple sclerosis, COP disease or severe obesity (Team, 2015). Treatment for Respiratory …show more content…
When increased respiration rises the blood pH level beyond the normal range 7.35-7.45, it causes respiratory alkalosis. Some causes are anxiety, fever, hyperventilation, pregnancy or any lung disease that causes shortness of breath (Respiratory alkalosis, 2014). Mechanisms responsible for compensation to respiratory alkalosis are rapid cell buffering and decrease in renal acid excretion (Respiratory alkalosis, 2014). To treat respiratory alkalosis carbon dioxide is to be inhaled. Inhaling inside of a paper bag or using a mask that causes you to re-breath carbon dioxide can be used as treatment (Respiratory alkalosis, 2016). The elderly are at a greater risk for respiratory alkalosis because of pulmonary disorders and specifically …show more content…
Decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate, or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations causes metabolic alkalosis. Common causes are prolonged vomiting, hypovolemia, diuretic use, and hypokalemia (James L. Lewis, 2016). Compensation for metabolic alkalosis occurs in the lungs. Metabolic alkalosis leads to alveolar hypoventilation with a rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension. A patient is treated depending on its cause. For alkalosis caused by hyperventilation, breathing into a paper bag allows you to keep more carbon dioxide in your body, which improves the alkalosis. If your oxygen level is low, you may receive oxygen. Medicines may be needed to correct chemical loss such as chloride and potassium (Respiratory alkalosis, 2014) Because of their delicate fluid and electrolyte status the elderly are at risk for metabolic
Although HB was normal, PaO2 was decreased (48 mmHg) and O2 saturation was decreased at 78%. PaCO2 was increased at 69 mmHg and bicarb was elevated at 34 mEq/ L. His NP concluded that Al had a combination of emphysema and bronchitis, called chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) which resulted from his long history of smoking. 1.
Acute is a condition in which carbon dioxide builds up very fast, before the kidneys can return the body to homeostasis. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include: Sleepiness, easy fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath and lethargy. Treatment is aimed to the underlying disease, oxygen if the blood level is low, treatment to stop smoking, Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (called CPAP) or a breathing machine and some Bronchodilator drugs to reserve airway obstruction. Compensation refers to the body 's natural mechanisms of counteracting a primary acid-base disorder in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. In Respiratory Acidosis, the elevation in PCO2 result from a reduction in alveolar ventilation.
I can interpret that if a snail is presented with both leaves then it will only eat the plain leaves and not the striped leaves. It doesn’t eat the striped ones because it knows that a clover that can produce cyanide is striped and therefore poisonous, so it tends to stay away from it. That’s why the snail didn’t eat the clover the plain leaf that was painted with white stripes. From the wild it knows not to eat striped leaves. It’s pretty much like a visual warning.
While auscultating sounds of lung fields no wheezing was found, and VS were within normal range for patient as determined through comparison of chartings on 10/23/2015 thru the morning and lunch VS of 10/26/ 2015 before impaired gas exchange was detected. 10/26/2015 2. Administer O2 @ 2L N/C
Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant with a density greater than air which leads it to accumulate in low or enclosed spaces, and asphyxiation fatalities will occur when there is a high concentration of CO2. In the room temperature, carbon dioxide is odourless and colourless which means that we are unable to smell or see it at the elevated concentrations. With the concentration of carbon dioxide, people will have headache and loss of consciousness, and inhale high density CO2 will cause death. Factors that could lead to leakage of carbon dioxide includes the damage to structures and equipment and improper maintenance of pipelines. Since there is a carbon dioxide compression process on site, the leakage is similar to a pressurised release and the leak of carbon dioxide is colder than the surrounding atmosphere (HSE, 2015).
Baby boomers are the demographic cohort, known as the generation that makes up the substantial portion of the world’s population. Individuals born during the time of 1946 to 1964 has lived in environments where smoking lead to a detrimental impact in their later years. As the third leading cause of death, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common among the older population. This disease is the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality. Leading to a consensus that older adults (particularly baby boomers) are at a great risk of COPD because they grew up in an era where smoking was fashionable, cigarettes were provided during the wars, and exposure to secondhand smoke was tremendous.
Increasing the altitude will lower PaCO2 and decreasing the amplitude will increase PaCO2. Inspite of the promising therapy the HFOV can provide, there are many drawbacks: 1) need special ventilator, 2) can not switch from this mode to another 3)there are no alarms in this type of ventilator and therefore frequent assessment is needed, 4) mucous plugging is common,
The child immediately improved and was stable on continuous delivery for many hours. When the source of the humidified water was switched to a Vapotherm system at the same flow (10 L/min) but not containing epinephrine, the child’s croup worsened, only to improve again when epinephrine was added to the humidifying water. A similar experience was found with a second child with croup which led to the hypothesis that epinephrine may be deliverable in the vapour phase as opposed to droplets as has been the usual method with a nebulizer. It also appeared that the improvement in upper airway obstruction was not due (at least alone) to the high flow delivering continuous positive airway pressure, as originally theorized by Klein and
As a result, these patients can’t bring the carbon dioxide out, they become retain the carbon dioxide which makes it so hard for them to breathe
Also old age can be a risk for emphysema because the functions of the lungs decline with
Shock Definition Shock is a medical emergency in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving an adequate flow of blood. This deprives the organs and tissues of oxygen (carried in the blood) and allows the buildup of waste products. Shock can result in serious damage or even death.
During extreme heat time and stagnant air, increasing ozone levels. Ozone disturbing respiratory system and can cause respiratory
Right now, lactic acid is discharged into the blood by the muscles. Acclimatization to a high height includes changes that convey oxygen all the more viably to the tissues, despite decreased blood vessel PO2. Hyperventilation happens in light of the low PO2. The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to expand its creation of red blood cells, so that more oxygen can be conveyed by the blood at given estimations of
Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.
Moreover, if water proportion in the body goes low, that will cause