Miniscale Fractional Unpacked Distillation Lab Report

The serial 2-fold dilution were done with a volumetric pipette, its pump, and 10 mL volumetric flasks. Eight different solutions were produced, half of which came from Red 40 and the other half, from Blue 1. These different concentrated solutions were placed in a 10 mL volumetric flask, each labelled with either R for Red 40

Characteristic property- Test 1- distillation Materials: Goggles, 250 ml beaker, 10 ml graduated

Then, 5 mL of the halved concentrated solution was measured and added into another volumetric flask. 5 mL of deionized water was added to produce a solution that was a fourth of

Looking at this value, and comparing the experimentally determined values, the values do not exactly match up, but are close together, as the values are only 0.4 - 0.6 g/mL away from the value of 1 g/mL. One reason why the values may not match up is because of the amount of liquid used. Sometimes, the value of water poured into the graduated cylinder may not be equal to specific volume which was to be used. In order to improve that, making the water volume more precise may allow for more accurate results. Secondly, the type of water used may of affected the value. If we take a look at pure water, the value of it at room temperature is 0.99823 g/mL. If we use this water (by boiling it before hand), and confirming the density is equal to the accepted value, than it will increase the chance of being more accurate.

The dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol takes place at the bottom of the Hickman still. As the Hickman still heats up within the sand bath, the products evaporate and travel higher up in the still where they condense into a liquid and fall within the collection ring, thus separating the product from the remaining water. Drierite (CaSO4) is also added as a drying agent to absorb any leftover water within the product. The purity of the product will then be analyzed with infrared spectroscopy, paying attention to OH peak if it is present. Chemical Reactions: Data and Observations: Material Volume Mol.

2. You have been asked to set up a dilution series, and then use spread plates to determine the viable cell count. Why is it necessary to use a dilution series when isolating bacteria from a biological sample using spread plating? [5 MARKS] It is vital to use a dilution series to reduce the concentration of the original biological sample so it is easier to count the number of isolated colonies which are present on the spread plate.

The main objective of this experiment was to isolate the compounds in a given mixture, which was composed of 50% fluorene, 40% o-toluic acid, and 10% 1, 4-dibromobenzene. Techniques of extraction and crystallization was used to perform the separation. The experiment was separated into two parts; each part was to isolate a major compound from one another. The two major compounds (fluorene and o-toluic acid) were also collected. The o-toluic acid was extracted first by using macroscale extraction and by testing for acidity.

The fractions in the fractional distillation such as N-hexane, isohexane, methyl cyclopentane have normal boiling point close to cyclohexane which makes the recovery of cyclohexane uneconomic and difficult. 2. Quantity of cyclohexane recovered is not enough to meet the current demand since the cyclohexane content of naphtha is about 5%- 15% by weight .3 Selection of Pathway to Cyclohexane (2) Hydrogenation of Benzene: C6H6 +3H2 →

Rediet Legese iLab Week # 6 CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION Introduction: The aim of this week lab experiment is to experiment distill crude oil and to check how temperature determine the chemical properties of crude oil plus how the boiling point can also show physical properties. They are two major finding in this experiment. he first finding was the point at which the raw petroleum is heated to the point of boiling, at 275 0C, the gas and kerosene oil are refined, however the oil (lubricant ) stays as an unrefined feature oil.

The actual data is the result on our experiment vs theoretical, which is based on the calculations above. I have also learned to pay more attention to draining out all of the product completely before continuing to test the experiment, as any small drop of contaminant can veer our results into a different

Both processes separate mixture based on boiling point. Fractional distillation does it on a larger scale whereas GC does it on a small scale Source: http://www.shimadzu.eu/gas-chromatography Discussion on analysis This technique requires a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase being the carrier gas is comprised of an inert gas such as helium, argon or nitrogen. The stationary

Liquid- liquid extraction depends on the solubility of different solutes in immiscible solvents causing organic and aqueous layers. Partitioning coefficient is the ratio of concentration solutes that are in each layer. Deprotonation and protonation of the molecules causes charges to form to distinguish, which solute is in either the organic or aqueous layer. Adjusting pH in the aqueous phase insures that the correct solutes are being recovered. Altering the pH insures that either the solute is going to be in the organic or aqueous phase due to the charges that are form through deprotonation or protonation of the molecule.

Membrane separation technologies are among the most promising processes in water purification regarding their low energy consumptions. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven separation process in which liquid feed is evaporated at the feed/membrane interface and is transported through a hydrophobic microporous membrane[1–4]. The hydrophobic character of the membrane allows only volatile components to enter the pores. The differences of the vapour pressures across the membrane is the driving force of the process[5,6].

However, molecules do not behave in the same way during the development, scale-up or manufacturing phases. Customising single‑use bioreactors to make them suitable for processing the specific molecules defeats their key advantage of plug‑and‑play. • Scale-up – The volume size (no more than 2000L) as well as the end of the product quality for large-scale manufacture is one of the main limitation for single use technology. • Scale-down - Scale‑down studies are generally conducted to establish the potential root cause of any deviation that has occurred or to perform a risk‑based study. The lower limits in working capacity of the single‑use bag type or single‑use system is prohibitively high to conduct such studies.

The microstructure and microanalysis of samples were performed by the aid of an environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with an