The main objective of this experiment was to isolate the compounds in a given mixture, which was composed of 50% fluorene, 40% o-toluic acid, and 10% 1, 4-dibromobenzene. Techniques of extraction and crystallization was used to perform the separation. The experiment was separated into two parts; each part was to isolate a major compound from one another. The two major compounds (fluorene and o-toluic acid) were also collected. The o-toluic acid was extracted first by using macroscale extraction and by testing for acidity. By adding a strong acid to the aqueous layer, which contained the o-toluic acid, the solution becomes acidic and also allows the solid in the layer to precipitate. Data Tables 1 shows the observations from the acid addition. Though more HCl drops were needed to acidify the second aqueous layer …show more content…
The percent recovery of the acid was 42%, but there was originally 40% of o-toluic acid in the mixture. The extra 2% could have been the impurity, 1, 4-dibromobenzene, which was isolated in the next part of the experiment. There is also another possible reason on why more acid was recovered. The acid wasn’t dried completely before it was weighed; the clumpy solids of the acid prove that it was still wet and thus, the extra liquid added to its mass. This could have been prevented by allowing the acid to dry longer or by drying it in an oven. Since the volatility of o-toluic acid is almost the same as water, it takes longer for the compound to dry at room temperature. Nevertheless, the procedure for removing the acid was performed successfully. The melting point for o-toluic acid was discovered to be 99.2° – 101.1° C, which is lower than the literature melting point of 102°-104° C. However, there is not a huge discrepancy and obtained substances usually have lower melting points than the stated literature melting
The design relied on two Schmitt triggers to generate the two different tones while using the transistors to act as a switch. This causes it to trigger continuously between two unstable states, allowing automatic switching between two frequencies producing two different tones. The RC values between the two Schmitt triggers will differ. Capacitors charge and discharge faster when it’s resistance is smaller.
Cadet Eric Wiggins Date: 18 September 2014 Course Name: Chem 100 Instructor: Captain Zuniga Section: M3A Identification of a Copper Mineral Intro Minerals are elements or compounds that are created in the Earth by geological processes. The method of isolating metals in a compound mineral is normally conducted through two processes.
Feras Kaid Chem 2415-43 TA: Rio Assessment 1 Conclusion In this lab, there were 4 different distillations that were performed each with the same end goal to separate the two different organic compounds, cyclohexane and toluene. We used the boiling points of the two compounds to separate them using the following 4 techniques: microscale simple distillation, miniscale simple distillation, miniscale fractional packed distillation, and miniscale fractional unpacked distillation. The three different miniscale distillations were used to predict the accuracy of the distillation by comparing them to one other. The most accurate of the three distillations is the miniscale fractional packed distillation because this type uses a Vigreux column instead
1. Identify the range of senses involved in communication • Sight (visual communication), Touch (tactile communication), Taste, Hearing (auditory communication), Smell (olfactory communication) 2. Identify the limited range of wavelengths and named parts of the electromagnetic spectrum detected by humans and compare this range with those of THREE other named vertebrates and TWO named invertebrates. Figure 1: the electromagnetic spectrum source: www.ces.fau.edu Vertebrates Human Japanese Dace Fish Rattlesnake Zebra Finch Part of electromagnetic spectrum detected ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones.
The lab started off by measuring critical materials for the lab: the mass of an an empty 100 mL beaker, mass of beaker and copper chloride together(52.30 g), and the mass of three iron nails(2.73 g). The goal of this experiment is to determine the number of moles of copper and iron that would be produced in the reaction of iron and copper(II) chloride, the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and the percent yield of copper produced. 2.00 grams of copper(II) chloride was added in the beaker to mix with 15 mL of distilled water. Then, three dry nails are placed in the copper(II) chloride solution for approximately 25 minutes. The three nails have to be scraped clean by sandpaper to make the surface of the nail shiny; if the nails are not clean, then some unknown substances might accidentally mix into the reaction and cause variations of the result.
Chem 51LB Report Ngoc Tran - Student ID # 72048507 The purpose of this lab is to examine the composition of three components of gas products of elimination reaction under acidic condition by conducting the dehydration of primary and secondary alcohol, and under basic condition by conducting the base-induced dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. Then gas chromatography is used to analyze the composition of the product mixtures. Gas chromatography (mobile phase) is used to analyze the composition of three components of the gas products. A syringe needle with gas product is injected into the machine, and the component is eluted and the composition is related to the column or the peaks.
In the round-bottom flask (100 mL), we placed p-aminobenzoic acid (1.2 g) and ethanol (12 mL). We swirled the mixture until the solid dissolved completely. We used Pasteur pipet to add concentrated sulfuric acid (1.0 mL) to the flask. We added boiling stone and assembled the reflux. Then, we did reflux for 75 minutes.
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a two step reductive amination using o-vanillin with p-toluidine to synthesize an imine derivative. In this experiment, 0.386 g of o-vanillin and 0.276 g of p-toluidine were mixed into an Erlenmeyer flask. The o-vanillin turned from a green powder to orange layer as it mixed with p-toludine, which was originally a white solid. Ethanol was added as a solvent for this reaction. Sodium borohydride was added in slow portion as the reducing agent, dissolving the precipitate into a yellowish lime solution.
• Write down the highlighted numbers. Do you observe a pattern? • Does the pattern grow? What is the reason for this? • Write down the last number (say 53).
Leah Romero 10/30/2017 Conclusion Lab 3 Chem 102L In lab 3, fundamentals of chromatography, the purpose was to examine how components of mixtures can be separated by taking advantage of different in physical properties. A huge process in this lab was paper chromatography, which was used to isolate food dyes that are found in different drink mixes. The different chromatograms of FD&C dyes were compared to identify which dyes are present in each of the mixes.
The yellow solution containing the reactants was slowly poured into the beaker containing the cold water and the acid in order to cause the precipitation of the alcohol, 9-fluorenol and to destroy (hydrolyzed) the unreacted excess sodium borohydride. Subsequently, the white precipitate was vacuum filtered and washed twice with 20.0 ml portions of distilled cold water by pouring the liquid into the Buchner Funnel during filtration. It was necessary to wash the alcohol prior to recrystallization considering that the C-OH bond is easily broken by the formation of a stable and benzylic carbocation that favors the synthesis of difluorenyl ether. Finally, before the purification by recrystallization of the obtained product, the white solid alcohol was allowed to dry over a period of a
The percent recovery of the copper was calculated using the equation, percent recovery = (the mass of the copper recovered after all the chemical reactions/the initial mass of the copper) x 100. The amount of copper that was recovered was 0.32 grams and the initial mass of the copper was 0.46 grams. Using the equation, (0.32 grams/0.46 grams) x 100 equaled 69.56%. The amount of copper recovered was slightly over two-thirds of the initial amount.
The final product, luminol, produced light therefore this signifies that the reaction worked. It produced a neon blue, green color that showed that the reaction was fluorescence instead of being phosphorescence which produces a red color. The reaction lasted milliseconds which suggests that the reaction was again fluorescent because phosphorescent light lasts seconds before the light distinguishes because it stores absorbed energy for a longer time and is not spin paired. With this, more energy is required to flip spins and go back which makes the light last longer when jumping from the excited singlet to excited triplet state. However, with fluorescence it goes from an excited singlet to ground singlet state, because it must go downhill to
Bromination is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where one hydrogen atom of benzene or benzene derivative is replaced by bromine due to an electrophilic attack on the benzene ring. The purpose of this experiment is to undergo bromination reaction of acetanilide and aniline to form 4-bromoacetanilide and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline respectively. Since -NHCOCH3 of acetanilide and -NH2 of aniline are electron donating groups, they are ortho/para directors due to resonance stabilized structure. Even though the electron donating groups activate the benzene ring, their reactivities are different and result in the formation of different products during bromination.
Before the water reach to the consumer 70% of the permeate water goes to potabilization or remineralization while 30% goes the demineralization. In potabilization plant four chemicals are added which are: Sodium hypochlorite It is added for final disinfection of treated water Sodium fluoride This chemical must be existed in the potable water because when it dissociate fluoride is produced as shown in the chemical reaction: NaF → 〖Na〗^++ F^- The fluoride used to protect the teeth in two ways: Protection from demineralization - when bacteria in the mouth combine with sugars they produce acid.