Tyrosinase Lab Report

MELANOTAN II PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Melanotan II is a lab synthesized peptide hormone that imitates melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a hormone that naturally occurs in the human body). Alpha-MSH (also referred to as α-MSH or alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSHs) stimulates the melanogenesis; the process by which the skin and hair darkening pigments are produced in mammals. In vitro administration of Melanotan II has been observed to have excellent portent melanotropic action. The structural name of Melanotan II is Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2. The molecular formula for Melanotan II is: C50H69N15O9 Melanotan II falls in the class of peptides hormones referred to as Melanocortins.

The products are released from the enzyme surface to regenerate the enzyme for another reaction cycle. The active site has a unique geometric shape that is complementary to the shape of a substrate molecule, similar to the fit of puzzle pieces.

Adapalene is a topical retinoid-like compound, chemically similar to vitamin A, yielding keratolytic effects . It can be used in cobination with antibiotc and azelaic acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris, it can cause skin irritation. HYDROQUINONE; also chemically known as 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, is a ubiquitous chemical that occurs naturally in our environment in wheat, tea, berries, beer and coffee, but is detoxified within the liver into inert compounds , is an effective skin lightener which acts by preventing the synthesis of melanin . It is one if the stongest and most efficacious skin lightening agents. Since hydroquinone dependent melanogenic inhibition requires the presence of active tyrosinase, it is therefore not useful in altering

Melanotan is a type of a peptide with an invigorating effect that causes your body to naturally secret melanin. Melanotan is introduced to your body, gets circulated inside your skin, and causes the production of more melanin that makes the skin darker. Melanin, a naturally secreted hormone regulates your body skin pigment. More melanin secreted into your body makes the pigment darker and eventually the skin color too.

The effect of pH on the speed of enzyme interaction with substrate chemicals Hypothesis: About pH: If the pH level is less than 5, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will be slower. About temperature: If the temperature stays the same, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will not be completely affected. Background information: The function of enzymes is to speed up the biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, they do this by colliding with the substrate.

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.26.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3.

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.22.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.

These factors include the pH and the temperature of the solution (1). Most enzymes have a preferred temperature and pH range (2). The preferred temperature for catalase falls between the ranges of thirty five to fifty degrees Celsius (4). Temperatures that are too high denature the enzyme and halt the enzyme’s activity (2). Catalase denatures starts to denature at fifty five degrees Celsius (2).

These enzymes have a secondary and tertiary structure and this could be affected by increases and decreases in temperature beyond the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work in. Mostly enzymes are highly affected any changes in temperature beyond the enzymes optimum. There are too

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Then, another or the same enzyme reacts with the intermediate to form the final product.2 The rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions is influenced by different environmental conditions, such as: concentration

By observing figure 3, the more enzyme that is available, the faster the reaction rate is. The optimal enzyme concentration was chosen based on the R2 values from figure 2. The highest observable rate also had the best R2 number, which was closest to one. This enzyme concentration was used in part 2.

Along with being found in plants, they are also present in liver cells, kidney cells, leukocytes and erythrocytes. For the concentration of enzyme experiment, the hypothesis was if the concentration of an enzyme increases, then the enzyme activity will increase as well. The hypothesis was proven to be true, because there are more enzymes to react with substrates. For the enzyme—factors affecting, the hypothesis concluded was if the temperature increases, than the enzyme activity will increase. This however was proven wrong, because enzymes become unstable at higher temperatures.

The enzymes that is associated with the urea cycle are; carbamoyl phosphate synthesase,

The literature review will begin by constructing a framework defining Melasma and its interventions. According to Hurley, M.E., Guevara, I.L., Gonzales, R.M. and Pandya, A.G., (2002) Melasma is a pigmentation disorder and is common among women of Hispanic and Asian groups arising from biologically active melanocytes, associated with high vascularity in the areas and occurrence of angio-genic factor in the epidermis. At the outset, it is important to understand Melasma as a disorder and explore the reasons for its occurrence. The etiology of melasma has yet to be established, and the course of treatment continues to be a challenge.