There are several definitions of “argumentation,” two of which are explained here. First, a dictionary definition of “argumentation” is the “the act or process of forming reasons and of drawing conclusions and applying them to a case in discussion.” It is further defined by Dr. David Zarefsky as “the study of reasons given by people to justify their acts or beliefs and to influence the thought or action of others.” The goal of argumentation is not to quarrel amongst people who have differing opinions, but instead it is to use effective reasoning to create support for one’s claim. Argumentation uses rhetoric, the study of how messages influence people, to help develop the communication between the person with a claim and the audience. …show more content…
The Toulmin Model of Argument was developed by Stephen Toulmin, a British philosopher, author, educator, and logician, who became frustrated with the limitations of the widely-accepted three-part argumentation model. The Toulmin model, a model of persuasive argument, is composed of six parts and initially encountered resistance. However, it has “proved to be highly useful for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of arguments.” The six parts of the Toulmin model are grounds, claim, warrants, qualifiers, rebuttals, and backing. Toulmin explained that not all parts are inherent in every argument, but some parts are applied universally. The three main parts that are universal to all arguments are claim, the point the argument makes; grounds, the data or evidence that is used to prove the argument; and warrants, the inferential connection that links the claim with the grounds. The three remaining parts of the Toulmin model that may or may not be used in the argument involve providing additional justification for the warrant (backing), stating the degree of probability of the claim (qualifier), and acknowledging the limitations of the argument …show more content…
During the intelligence analysis process, information is studied and then a judgment is formed, which is supported by evidence. Arguments are supported by evidence, as well. Effective arguments, like judgments, are not irrational; neither are they based on emotion. Both argumentation and intelligence analysis are based on careful thinking and planning to convince the audience (or consumer) of a point of view or position. During the intelligence process, argumentation can be used effectively with the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses. This can be likened to an analyst’s argument with himself. Basically, the analyst determines all possible hypotheses for a problem and then may use argument mapping to flush out the evidence and structure the argument into reasoning, inferences, debates, and cases. Using argument mapping in an intelligence product can also help provide clarity and insight into the reasoning an analyst used to form the judgment. In the end, intelligence analysis and argumentation are very similar in the implementation of
In Toulmin’s system is an enthymeme, which is a claim with the reason given by the writer. This can also be thought as a thesis. In Krikorian’s case, his enthymeme id towards the end of his article. A reason why he would place it there is because he is talking to an audience that already carries the same belief as him.
Thank You for Arguing, written by Jay Heinrichs is a novel written for the purpose of understanding, and employing rhetoric in one’s writing, speeches, and everyday life. Heinrich introduces different types of rhetoric used to persuade people, Heinrich cites examples of these to further explain his the different types of rhetoric. Throughout the introduction and first part Heinrich analyzes different types of rhetorical arguments, and further explains them by providing real life examples, Jay heinrichs establishes the importance of rhetoric in the introduction of Thank You for Arguing by exposing its rich history. heinrichs then goes on to explain how vital rhetoric is in everyday life by giving examples stemming from his own life. The uses
What is a Toulmin Argument? This is when you are considering who your audience is specifically, and you are considering their counterarguments before hand. The analysis suggest you to strongly have prepared evidence and have in mind possible disagreements. A good argument must be fair not a one-sided position. To choose a good Toulmin argument strategies such as answering questions like, what happened, do you believe it is true or false?
Body Paragraph #1: Reason #1 and Evidence Supporting Sentences: Using the structure: “Evidence, Elaborate, Explain, Examples” Cite from any 2 documents and explain why this evidence shows that the results
A Toulmin style argumentative analysis will be conducted to identify the claim, warrant, and grounds
The Toulmin method is an effective tool that helps determine the efficacy of an argument by using this method the author’s argumentative strategies are evaluated to determine their strength. This essay will use the Toulmin method in order to assess the strength of James E. McWilliams’ argument. The Toulmin method will break down the author’s argument into components—the claim, evidence, warrant, qualifiers, and rebuttal. Through using the Toulmin method, Williams’ argument and the components of his argument will be dissected and individually analyzed to determine each component’s effectiveness and how it contributes to the overall power and credibility of Williams’ argument.
He explained that when arguing it is not just presenting your opinions and refusing other people’s stances, it is a matter of listening to other aspects of the argument and
A good reasoning is a reasoning that leads to certain, true and valid conclusions. There are two kinds of reasoning, inductive and deductive reasoning. Both processes include the process of finding a conclusion from multiple premises although the way of approach may differ. Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make a specific conclusion; inductive reasoning uses specific premises to make a generalized conclusion. The two types of reasoning can be influenced by emotion in a different manner because of their different process to yield a conclusion.
Inductive reasoning is the use of paradigm examples that leads to a general conclusion. Deductive reasoning includes enthymemes (syllogism) composed with three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. For example, if I use all men are mortal as a major premise and Gil is a man as a minor premise, then the conclusion will be Gil is mortal. These rhetorical techniques help speakers to defeat themselves when the decisions of judges are not what they ought to be. As a result, since people are free to use rhetoric to express what they believe is right, democratic society can be formed where issues are resolved by a free exchange of views among members of public.
Stephen Toulmin, a twentieth-century philosopher,realized that well developed arguments consist of six parts. The parts are the following terms: data, claim, warrants, qualifiers, rebuttals, and backing. These six parts form the Toulmin Model of Argument. This model is beneficial when trying to evaluate an argument being read. Toulmin’s model can also be used as a form of organization and structure.
The argument that 'The Argument' makes is for the choice of becoming
These two arguments, when mixed, represent an intense and hostile conclusion to the premises of the laws
As we continue to progress on arguments and formulate reasons which are then backed up by valid and sufficient evidence, then our arguments
Arguments consist of one or more premises with one conclusion. Both the premise are capable of being true or false but not both. An example Professor Grey applies extra credit for early assignments if the papers are Grammarly correct and spell checked. The Professor did not apply the extra credit nor did he mention the grammar and spell check. Professor Grey did get the paper.
Most times when people think of the word “argument”, they think of two people screaming and yelling at each other. An argument in writing is when the writer tries to persuade or convince their audience that the argument is either right or wrong (Ramage & Johnson, 2016). In order to consider a subject an argument there must be a set of two or more conflicting assertions, along with the attempt to resolve the problem (Ramage & Jonhson, 2016). An argument can be both a process and product. A process is when two or more groups search for the best result for a problem or question.