The South Carolina Exposition And Protest By John C. Calhoun

The heat at this moment insisted that Northern delegates had no rights to decide the behavior of the South, whose slavery situation was different from their definition. Right at the end however, Benjamin Franklin stepped up and declared the House abolishes slavery, and Madison stepping up as well making sure that no Constitution would be passed involving this

I feel they should not remain on-soil once they were emancipated if they wanted to be free for good from slavery. He also believed women should be allowed to participate in the anti-slavery society. Abolitionists argued against slavery because of its harsh conditions being stuffed into the hulls of a ship like cargo. It was illegal for them to learn reading and writing. Finally, working conditions were long and hard, especially for field workers, and violence was an ever-present part of life.

A state resolution passed in 1798. Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798 and 1799 declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional, the resolution supported the idea of having more self government and more rights for states. Opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts which extended the powers of the federal national. The resolution hinted that states had the power to nullify federal laws that were

Nullification was a controversial constitutional theory started by John C. Calhoun. He came up with the idea because he believed the tariff of 1816 was responsible for fall of South Carolinas economy. When in fact it was the exhausted farm land in the state which had caused the downfall. With his future political dreams resting on how he met this challenge in his home state he developed the theory of nullification. The theory stated that a state can suspend, within its boundaries, a federal law that was thought to be unconstitutional.

Laszlo 12 of the respective states. So this is one factor that cannot be changed. The issue of slavery would still become a problem for both the North and South. Then, what about the decisions and accords made with regard to slavery and either its extension or prohibition in specific states? We mentioned the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which basically created a fair play situation by diving the states equally, 11 states each.

however, the tax on foreign goods would significantly raise the cost of living in the South as the its main economy was based on the production of cotton and did not make anything else. John c calhoun the senator of south carolina deemed the tariff as void and unconstitutional and nullified it. Jackson became furious and argued that a state did not have the authority to nullify a federal law and threatened to send troops in to enforce the law. However henry clay the vice president at that time resolved the issue by decreasing the tariff to the point it became reasonable. Jackson did not think about the states that would have a problem because of the tariff.

“By the last years of the 1790s, the prospect of war with France and Federalist security measures such as the Alien and Sedition Acts brought the nation to the brink of political upheaval” (Nash, p. 214-215). The acts were controversial and leads into a political debate. The Kentucky assembly stated that the acts violated the Bill of Rights. They wanted to get rid of Federal laws, however, this was not the first time they have done this action. People believed that the acts were unconstitutional and unfair.

1). In both documents Daniel Webster and the citizens of South Carolina convey a strong argument regarding the topic of states being able to nullify federal laws. In the Liberty and Union speech, Daniel Webster addresses the topic and opposes the doctrine by stating how the government and Constitution was created by and for the people and on how the American people have preserved their own chosen Constitution for the past 40 years since it has been created. Because of this, the American people have prospered happily, grown and become stronger with America, as the country has progressed. While Daniel Webster stated valid points regarding South Carolina’s Senator Robert Haynes, in 1832, South Carolina held a convention to represent their official position on the nullification of federal laws towards President Andrew Jackson and the tariffs of 1832.

This issue created even more divide between the North and South, and the government at the time favored the South. This all started by congress passing a new tariff that doubled the rates in 1816. In response, Southerners were mad as this negatively impacted their economy while the North was positively impacted by their industries. This made the southerners' agriculture more expensive due to them depending on British imports. Andrew Jackson's Vice president, John C. Calhoun argued that states had the right to nullify any act of congress that was considered to be unconstitutional, as he wanted to boost the Southern economy, and get rid of congress’s tarif.

The Kentucky Resolution was drafted by the vice president who in that time was Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky Resolution talked about the things that have been resolved about the country. That people have more liberty and that they have the right to have power to judge the constitution. He says that the constitution does not have the right to take away the rights that the people have. “The Kentucky Resolutions, drafted by then Vice-President Thomas Jefferson, argued that the government was formed by a compact among the states and that the federal powers were limited to those delegated to it in the Constitution.” It is shown that Thomas Jefferson was trying to limited the power of the constitution, so the constitution would not abused their power with the country.

Calhoun, the former vice president of the United States, asserted that any states can null and void the protective tariff with anonymous pamphlet with title, South Carolina Exposition and Protest. In his perspective, as one of representatives of the south, protective tariff law should be void for South Carolina’s economy. Consequently, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Nullification, which declared the protective tariff law null and void in South Carolina in November. And even more, Robert Y. Hayne argued that states can secede from the federal government. On the other hand, Daniel Webster who served as a Massachusetts orator, denounced South Carolina’s nullification by saying, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

John C. Calhoun was born on March 18, 1782 in Abbeville district, South Carolina. He was born to a wealthy family that had recently moved from Pennsylvania. He enrolled in a local academy at eighteen years old and attended Yale College two years later. After college, Calhoun spent a year at law school and studied in the office of a member of the Federalist Party. He was elected to the South Carolina state legislature in 1808 and to the United States House of Representatives in 1811.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 established the legalities of determining whether a territory should be a slave or free state, but in the decade prior to the Civil War, multiple events like the Dred Scott Decision and the annexation of California essentially nullified the compromise. This issue highlighted the difference in the South’s perception of government, and what the government should be able to govern. More explicitly, the South believed it was a state’s right to declare their status as a slave state, but the North thought otherwise. Overall, the south believed it was a violation of their rights for the government to intervene in their decision to expand or maintain slavery. Their argument held its validity as the 10th amendment of the Constitution states that, “the powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution... are reserved to the States… or to the people”.

Lead by John Calhoun, South Carolina took a vote on nullification of the Tarriff Law. The Satate House took a vote, and South Carolina refused to pay tariffs. Although Andrew Jackson did ask congress to use troops to enforce the law, South Carolina had threatened to secede, and who knows what trouble would follow

“The lack of… nationality, I believe, is one of the great evils of the times…” Senator John Sherman stated on February 10, 1863. The United States had been split into sections from the beginning, and it created a lack of unity and togetherness. In Document A, the reader can acquire from the reading that South Carolina (and later many other states) seceded from the Union because of states’ rights. Document A states that an amendment (specifically the