Data mining can be viewed as a result of the normal development of information technology Since 1960, database and information technology has been growing methodically from primitive file processing systems to complicated and prevailing database systems [11] [13].
Figure 1.1: History of data base system and data mining
Data mining drives its name for searching a important information from a large database to utilize this information in better way. It is, though, a misnomer, as mining for gold in rocks is usually called “gold mining” and not “rock mining”, therefore by analogy, data mining be supposed to called “knowledge mining” instead. But, data mining become the conventional customary term and very quickly a tendency that even overshadowed
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In predictive modeling task, there are two types, Classification that is used for discrete target variable and Regression which is used for continues target variable. The goal of both tasks is to build a model that produce minimum error between predict and real value. An example of classification is the classification of an email as legitimate or spam, or in an online book store predict if a web-user will do a purchase or not. On the other hand, forecasting on the future of a price is a Regression task, because the price is a continues-value attribute. Association Rule Learning (Dependency modeling) is a method that describes associated features in data, searching for relationships between variables. As an example, Web pages that are accessed together can be identified by association analysis. Anomaly Detection (Outlier/change/deviation detection), this class identifies anomalies or outlier data records which cause errors, or might be of interest and requires further investigation. Another class is Clustering, which is the task to discover groups and structures in the data which in some aspect is “similar” or “dissimilar”, without using known structures in the data And the last class, Summarization, attempts to provide a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report …show more content…
Biologists when they a long time ago created a taxonomy (hierarchical classification) made a form of clustering according to genus, family, species and so on But also recently they have applied clustering to analyze the myriad amount of genetic information, such as a group of genes that has similar functions.
• Information Retrieval. The World Wide Web consists of billions of web pages that are accessed with the help search engine queries. Clustering can be used to create small clusters of search results.
• Psychology and Medicine. Clustering techniques are used to analyze frequent conditions of an illness and identifying different subcategories. For example, clustering is used to identify different types of depression, and cluster analysis is used to detect patterns in the distribution/spread of a disease.
• Business. In this field there exists a large amount of information on current and potential customers. Clustering helps to group customer activities, as previously mentioned in detail.
Fig 1.2 shows one and two
Misuse detection is used to identify previously known attacks for which they require before hand knowledge of attack signature. the disadvantage of this method is that prior knowledge of the attack is required and hence new attacks cannot be identified until new attacks signature have been developed for them. In anomaly detection system monitors activity to detect any significant deviation from normal user behavior compared to known user standard behavior, this type of intrusion detection can effectively protect against both well known and new attacks since no prior knowledge about intrusion is required. One of the most significant aspects of Intrusion Detection System is the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques[39] to train the IDS about possible threats and gather information about the various traffic patterns to infer rules based on these patterns to distinguish between to differentiate between normal and intrusive
An example of demographic segmentation is being used in the automobile market. This is done on the basis of income from a household. Suzuki has a low-price bracket for their cars whereas BMW have a high price bracket so it targets high end buyers who are willing to spend more money. BMW have segmented a market by differentiating their products. Comparing it to Suzuki, BMW allow customers to design their car such as the seat material, colour, wheels and engine.
Written Task 2 Racial profiling as defined by the National Institute of Justice is “a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin” (National Institute of Justice). There are two different kinds of racial profiling according to the primary text. There is what can be called "Hard" profiling, that sees race as the only factor in assessing criminal suspiciousness.
The recent revelations about the NSA surveillance programme have cause concern and outrage by citizens and politicians across the world. What has been missing, though, is any extended discussion of why the government wants the surveillance and on what basis is it authorised. For many commentators surveillance is wrong and it cannot be justified. Some commentators have argued that surveillance is intrinsic to the nature of government and its ability to deliver the public good.[1] Few, though have looked at the surveillance within a wider context to understand how it developed. A notable exception is the work by Steven Aftergood.
Racial profiling has become a national issue starting in 2015 (“Racial”). Judging someone for their race has been a problem ever since a minority group has been noticed. Racial profiling has spread over all over the world. Racial profiling has been a problem through the years, if the human race can learn what racial profiling is, advantages of the profiling, and the disadvantages.
Once the data is fed into the computer, the software is able to make the association between
Answer: (a): Market segmentation is the first step in defining and selecting a target market to pursue and penetrate. Basically, market segmentation is the process of splitting up an overall market into two or more groups/classes of consumers. Each group of consumers is called as a market segment. Each group (or market segment) should be similar in terms of certain characteristics or product/ service needs. In business world, market segmentation is considered to be a most important tool in enabling marketers to better meet customer needs and requirements.
The security is overriding to improve the nation, now day security is increasing to control the terrorism. NSA Surveillance one of the agencies that provide intelligent records to the American government. Although leaking out personal information making the American uncomfortable and people started getting freak out. “I am not trying to bring down the NSA, I am working to improve the NSA. I am still working for the NSA right now.
Racial and ethnic profiling has become a major controversy in the United States. Lately there has been a lot in the news about police officers profiling African Americans and this has brought peoples attention through the news and social media. A few major current stories about police officers profiling African Americans is the Marlon Brown killing which happened in 2013. Marlon Brown was being pulled over for a seat belt violation and then got out of the vehicle and began running from the cops.
Market are segmented in order to make it easier for businesses to target these segments according to the features and habits they exhibit. These segments must be definable, specific, profitable, and is has room to grow. The following outlines the segmentation for the market of Mercedes Benz broken down into demographic, behavioral and psychographic segmentation. Demographic Segmentation: Markets can be segmented by geography where the business would market its offering towards individuals living in a certain area.
Introduction BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke AG) is a German automobile company which was founded in 1916 and is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. BMW is now one of the largest car manufacturer in the world for its exceptional level of quality and producing cars with sporty driving characteristics. The BMW company 's slogan in English is "The Ultimate Driving Machine" or Sheer Driving Pleasure" which was originally translated from German slogan which is "Fraud am Fahren.” In addition to cars and motorcycle, BMW also operates an aircraft engine under the brand name which is known as Rolls Royce.
Collect the data from the ocean, and then using them to analyze the ocean environment and forecasting how the ocean ecology being change. Now, many countries are using this way to product marine organism and ocean
Carrefour had to segment their customers because they had different needs, behaviors, and preferences; therefore, it was difficult for the company to meet every consumer’s personal characteristics (Wedel and Kamakura 2012, p. 6). Carrefour also had to segment their customers because they needed to come up with a marketing mix that will help the firm meet the needs its customers in their target market. Market segmentation refers to the division of a market into segments that are identifiable and similar. These segments refer to a group of people or organizations that have one or more features in common, which prompts to have same product tastes and needs. According to Wedel and Kamakura (2012, p. 6-7), market segmentation is important because it helps the organization to use their resources efficiently and make better strategic decisions.
According to TrackMaven, market segmentation is the process of dividing the market of potential customers into groups, or segments, based on different features. The created segment consists of consumers who will respond to the same marketing strategy and who share the nature of the same interests, needs, or locations. McDonald uses demographic segmentation as their main types of market segmentation. According to Sakshi Natani (2016), McDonald in Malaysia used mainly demographic segmentation, which divided in age, income, family-life cycle and social class.
Unilever recognises that it cannot cater to needs of all the consumers present in the market. Consumers are present in a very large number in the market place and they vary greatly in their needs and buying behaviour. Companies also are well aware that themselves vary greatly in their ability to serve various segments of the market place. Unilever is no different from other companies in this regard. It recognises that it is far better for it to cater to certain segments that it can serve the best rather than attempting to cater to the needs of the entire marketplace as a whole.