Metabolism Exam Paper

Since the production of light requires a large amount of energy expenditure, Vibrio fischeri uses quorum sensing to regulate its gene expression after detecting changes in extracellular density[2]. Quorum sensing is used by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterium [2]. Lux R and lux I are genes encoding proteins that regulates light production[1].Aliivibrio fischeri also forms a symbiotic relationship with animal hosts[3]. Aliivibrio fischeri utilizes the nutrients provided by its host to emit light that is later used by the host for various purposes[3]. The light emitting reaction of Aliivibrio fischeri is catalyzed by

A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that contains genes that are not part of the original DNA of the bacteria. However, when a plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell, its genes are transcribed and translated into proteins that the bacterial cell creates. In our experiment, we used the pGLO plasmid which encodes for a green fluorescent protein. These traits are visualized under a UV light; therefore, transformed bacterial cells will glow green when exposed to a UV light. 3.

These bacteria will grow and glow green, due to GFP, under UV

When exposed to UV light, only the transformed bacteria growing on the LB/ampicillin/arabinose plate had a fluorescent glow. The pGLO plasmid was genetically engineered to contain the green fluorescent protein (GFP),

The purpose of this experiment was to see what the effects of light and dark would have on photosynthesis and cellular respiration. With the knowledge gained in class about how both the reactions took place. It was predicted that the absence of light would slow down photosynthesis causing less O2 to be released in the water. It was also predicted that the beaker with the fish in the water would yield a higher concentration of CO2 in the water. These predictions were made based on the fact that plants use the energy from light in photosynthesis to split H2O creating an oxygen by product.

Because carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis less carbon dioxide present in the chamber is a sign that photosynthesis is working. The four lights used for this experiment range across the light spectrum on both sides in order to test a wider variety of wavelengths. All lights will be placed directly on the spinach leaf at the same distance so as not to give any spinach leaf a different light intensity, which could affect the data. This experiment will be able to show which light, ranging across the light spectrum, will allow the Spinach to perform photosynthesis more efficiently.

Many organisms use energy to perform their cellular functions. That energy comes from the energy that is stored in food then converted to adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP can be obtained with or without oxygen, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product while anaerobic respiration produces Ethanol (C2H6O) or Lactic acid (C3H6O3). In aerobic respiration the “CO2 produced during cellular respiration can combine with water to produce carbonic acid.”

LABORATORY REPORT EXERCISE #5 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE, PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS Name_______________________________Section_____Teacher______________Date________ PRE-LAB QUESTIONS - answer the following questions using your textbook and valid internet sources. Be sure to cite your sources at the end of the prelab. You can type your answers to all questions except #1 and #9 directly into this document and then submit via Canvas. Type the answers for #1 and #9 at the end of the document. 1.

All organisms use food molecules, like glucose to produce ATP. The production of ATP occurs during cellular respiration. ATP provides the cells with energy that is necessary to produce oxygen. The seeds/plants are autotrophic organisms, which produce their food from the energy that the light provides them. To release the stored energy within the food molecules, the germinated seeds carry out respiration and the release of carbon dioxide.

Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

Mitochondria and chloroplast need energy to perform their jobs. Both of them are in plant cells. The reactions take place in these two organelles. The chloroplast has stroma which is a sticky substance where the Calvin cycle happens. Mitochondria is where the Kreb’s cycle takes place.

Chloroplasts are organelles that carry on photosynthesis; carbon dioxide diffuses into the chloroplasts in the leaves (Mader, S. 2010). Sugar and oxygen are released during the process. In order to photosynthesize, plants depend on light energy from the sun. The rate of photosynthesis will increase or decrease depending on the colour of light being absorbed, blue light results in the most photosynthesis occur and green light results in no photosynthesis occurring.

A pyruvate molecule of actyl CoA in converted into additional compounds by which the pyruvate oxidation reaction transfers electrons to the NAD that results in the assembly of NADH. This is where a carbon is loss resulting in carbon dioxide. The Krebs cycle, actyl CoA, binds with oxaloacetate, in enzyme redox reactions, carbons, hydrogen’s, oxygen’s in pyruvate end up as carbon dioxide and water. In glycolosis, every glucose that enters the path way of the cycle with complete twice, this occurs one for each of the molcecule of the pyruvate that has entered the mitochondria at this step. During pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle, a net of 8 NADH, 2 FADH 2 ,2 ATP and 6 Co2 are produce for each glucose

They are recognised to be eukaryotic cell structures. The chloroplast a green pigment known as the chlorophyll. The function of the chlorophyll is to absorb light for photosynthesis. Here is what a chloroplast looks from the inside just as well as the outside. (As you can see Chlorophyll looks green due to its absorption