Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle And The Electron Transport Chain

Cellular Respiration Lab Introduction In this lab, the primary investigation was to discover which factors affect cellular respiration. In this particular inquiry, the factor tested was the amount of time the lentil seeds were germinated. This study was performed in order to understand the process of cellular respiration as well as be able to measure and observe gas concentration as a result of impacting factors. Cellular respiration is necessary for life-processes, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water, in a series of metabolic reactions.

In cellular respiration, your body uses glucose and oxygen in a process to make energy. The glucose is split in the cytoplasm of your cell, then its atoms go through a complex process which turns them into ATP, a useable energy source for your body. ATP can either be used, or stored in lipids for long term use. Lipids are one of the most diverse macromolecules because of the many functions they can perform. They make up a cell membrane, so without them, there would be no humans, they also can be used as a long term energy storage in the form of fat.

● Glycolysis can not proceed without a continual source of NAD+ to be reduced by the generation of electrons from splitting glucose. ● Without the small amount of ATP generated by glycolysis (2 net ATP) organisms would not have the ability to oxidize glucose which is the primary source of energy for most cells. ● In order to regenerate NAD+, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate (deprotonated lactic acid) and NAD+. This allows glycolysis to proceed.

Once in the mitochondria, namely in the matrix, mitochondrial LDH catalyses the conversion of lactate back to pyruvate. The pyruvate is oxidized through the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) reaction to acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA would then continue through the TCA cycle so as to provide energy. (Kowalchuk JM et al,

Before conducting this experiment, it is critical to understand what cellular respiration is and what it does. Cellular respiration is a process that turns sugars, like glucose, into the energy that we call ATP. ATP is the energy used in our body to complete other processes like polymer synthesis and muscle contraction. This process occurs in the cells of an organism. During the procedure, oxygen is taken in, glucose is broken down, CO2 is released, and ATP and H2O are produced.

Without them, it would be difficult to imagine life existing much longer if we lost these molecules. We would have to find new sources to get our energy. Now I would like to talk about glycolysis, which in short terms is a metabolic pathway to convert glucose into a pyruvate. Glycolysis is a part of the metabolic process which is known as cellular respiration. It consists of a set of many different reactions that release two different forms of energy, which consist of ATP as well as NADH.

The 2 molecules of pyruvate are passed down to the oxidation of pyruvate, and NADH will be used for the electron transport chain. The rest of the products, 4 ATP, ADP, and P, are used where needed in the cell. After glycolysis occurs, oxidation of pyruvate takes places in the mitochondrial matrix. During this stage,

Photosynthesis and Respiration: Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two main processes carry out by most living organisms to attain energy. Whereas photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their own food, most animals achieve their energy necessities through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis: Light-dependent Reactions and Light-independent Reactions or dark reactions or Calvin Cycle are the stages of chemical reactions during the process of photosynthesis. Light Reactions:

The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

Arsenate can replace inorganic phosphate in step 6 of glycolysis that produces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate instead of glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte. This yields 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate instead, which is unstable and quickly hydrolyzes, forming the next intermediate in the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate. This is the same product that is normally formed in step 7. This is a problem because the product forms before it should and therefore does not reach the enzyme so the energy released cannot be harvested to generated ATP. Arsenate wastes energy by the uncoupling phosphotransfer reaction so its very POISONOUS.

2) Energy production is another way that both types of respiration can differ. With that said, more ATP molecules are able to be generated through aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration. More so, one glucose molecule will be able to form 38 ATP molecules when aerobic

Introduction Enzymes regulate the biochemical processes in various organisms. The enzymes catalyze reactions and at times help with the generation of the ATP, which is an energy source. Among the enzymes of biological importance is the succinyl CoA synthetase. The essay focuses on the structure, functions, and relations of succinyl CoA synthetase.

Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

It is never used up in the chemical reaction, however it is recycled and used over and over again. Description Metabolic pathways are controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes in the metabolic pathway and also through the regulation of the rate of reaction of key enzymes within the pathway [1]. Each enzyme required for a step in metabolic pathway is a central point of control of the overall metabolic pathway. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the metabolism would be too slow to support life and the pathway cannot be completed [2].