Ketoconazole Loaded Proliposomes Lab Report

Dr. Colleen Winters – BIO 655 Vishall G. Kaistha TITLE: “Recombination-Directed DNA Repair Promote Homologous Stimulating Transcription of Genes That That Preserves Genomic Integrity by MEN1 Is a Melanoma Tumor Suppressor”.

Abstract: The main focus of this lab is on animal behaviors in terrestial isopods, also known as pillbugs. There are many purposes to this lab experiment. First, these pillbugs are put into four different types of enviroments, also known as chambers, light v. dark, hot vs. cold, moisture vs. dry, and lastly shelter vs. open. In these different chambers, there are 10 pillbugs, 5 placed into each individual chamber and then observed for up to 5 – 10 minutes. In this lab we observed that pillbugs prefer light areas, hot temperatures, moist environments, and lastly sheltered spaces.

The difference in this chemical and physical properties will aid in their separation. Processes like solubility, gravitational filtration and recrystallization will be used to separate the substances present in Panacetin. The melting and boiling point of the substances will help in concluding on which of these compounds will be presented at the end of experiment. Procedure and observation The Panacetin content was weighed approximately 3.0493g and transferred to the Erlenmeyer flask; 75ml of dichloromethane (CH¬2CL2) was added to the content. The dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) dissolved the sucrose, leaving the active unknown agent and aspirin behind.

Genetic engineering is changing the DNA code to express different traits. A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that contains important genetic information. Recombinant DNA is the product after inserting your desired genes. The genes we hoped to insert in the pGLO lab were the GFP gene and the ampicillin resistance gene. GFP was needed so that we would tell if the ampicillin resistance gene had been properly placed when the bacteria glowed under a UV light.

If the drug is administered in a rectal pathway approximately 100% of Secobarbital is absorbed. The absorption of Secobarbital is rapid and takes duration of 3-4hrs. Since Secobarbital has extremely high lipid solubility and protein binding the drug is distributed to tissues and fluids across the body. The volume of distribution of Secobarbital in adults is 1.5 L/kg Secobarbital is metabolized by the liver via the major metabolite penultimate oxidation of the 1-methylbutyl substituent to form 5-allyl-5(3 '-hydroxy-1 '-methylbutyl)barbituric acid (hydroxysecobarbital).

Discussion The lab allowed the experimenters to learn more about the macromolecules in cells. We tested for the presence of proteins, sugars, fats, and starches in solutions. The question for this lab is “How does an experimenter detect the presence of certain macromolecules in a substance?” We found the answers throughout the lab.

The investigation was carried out to identify the presence or absence of biological molecules in serum 2216. If the concentration in each test tube of the dilutions carried out will be more concentrated then the concentration of the test tube before it, then the color will be at an equal concentration with the other dilutions performed. The hypothesis was wrong because of the difference in concentrations due to the different measurements within the dilutions done. The test for starch was to add a drop of iodine solution to the pipette in the spotting tile. A reducing sugar solutions is add inside a test tube with 3 drops to then add 3 drops of benedicts and plane in a water bath.

Specific Aims/Hypothesis(es) to be tested Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms among women of reproductive age, ages 15-44 years. The number of lactobacilli in the vagina of women with BV is significantly lower than that in healthy women. While some women may be asymptomatic, most experience thin, white or yellow abnormal vaginal discharge and malodor, especially after intercourse. Women with BV have an increased risk of many gynecological complications. Bacterial infections have been linked to increased risk factors for many sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

In our experiment, we examined the behavior of isopods by conducting the experiment based on our hypothesis: “If ten isopods are put into the test chamber, 5 in sand and 5 in soil, which environment will the pillbug prefer.” We hypothesized that the isopods would favor the soil more than the sand because pillbugs are typically found in soil and not in sand. Pillbugs are favored in soil because the natural role of a pillbug is to eat dead and decaying things but, in sand there are no nutrients available for pillbugs. Pill bugs are mostly found in moist environments, due to having gills, gills only function when they are wet so pill bugs will inhabit places in which air holds a lot of water

Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use control variables to help identify different macromolecules. Biological systems are made up of these four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) which make them the most abundant macromolecule on the earth. Lipids (oils and fats, phospholipids and steroids) are insoluble in water and perform many functions such as energy source, essential nutrients, hormones and insulators (Lehman, 1955).

Introduction The purpose of this lab is to investigate the enzyme action of proteases in pineapple. Enzymes are biological catalyst which speeds up the chemical reaction without being used. Enzymes are protein that is folded into complex shape that allow smaller molecules to fit into them, and also speed up the chemical reaction. It does not get used in chemical reaction, so it can get reuse again.

When interpreting concentration measurements, factors that need to be considered include the sampling time in relation to drug dose, dosage history, patient response, and the desired medicinal targets. The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring is to use suitable concentrations of difficult-to-manage medications to optimize clinical outcomes in patients in various clinical situations. Keywords: Drug monitoring, therapeutic; Pharmacokinetics Introduction Therapeutic drug monitoring is generally defined as the measurement of specific drugs at timed intervals in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration of the medication in the bloodstream. Monitored drugs tend to have a narrow therapeutic index, that is a ratio between the toxic and therapeutic doses of medications.

However, the narrow therapeutic window and multiorgan toxicity has limited it from further clinical use. In order to increase its therapeutic index, different kinds of triptolide-loaded delivery systems have been developed, which has been verified to change the pharmacokinetics of triptolide and decrease the toxicity. The pharmacokinetic study of a triptolide-loaded delivery system in mice showed that a targeted tissue accumulation and longer residence time were found in triptolide-loaded lipid emulsion [62]. The AUC0-t of triptolide-loaded lipid emulsion increased 2.19 folds, suggesting that the triptolide-loaded lipid emulsion does improve the biodistribution, accumulation and therapeutic efficacy in pancreas. Moreover, the levels of triptolide-loaded lipid emulsion in heart, lung and kidney were lower than that of the triptolide group, which would reduce the toxicity of triptolide in the above tissues.

The side effects was only when this drug was used in higher concentration. The biological fluids used were serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The determination method initially described in early 60s by the Werheiser and co-workers. After that with the advancement of techniques this enzymatic method was simplified by various

Later, 5ml of 1 x 10-6 M of mepyramine was added into the reservoir containing 1000ml of Krebs-Henssleit solution to produce a FBC of 5.0 x 10-9M. It was equilibrated with tissue for 10 minutes by flushing into the organ bath. After that, the steps above were repeated to test tissue response using 5ml of 1 x 10-5M and 1 x 10-4M of mepyramine. The experiment was repeated by replacing mepyramine with SIPBSDrug A as the antagonist. Lastly, concentration-response curve with Hill-Langmuir equation and Schild Plot were plotted using Bio-Graph. KB and pA2 values for mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A were calculated based on Schild plots and Gaddum