Hindu-Muslim Antagonism Causes

A Blend Religion Sikhism is monotheistic religion that is blends of Islam and Hinduism; Guru Nanak founded this religion in fifteen century. Sikhism has clear thought about remembering god all the time, equality between human kinds. Because Sikhism is a mixture religion, it has many similarities with Hinduism and Islam, and also it has many differences with them. Sikhism has bunch of similarities with Islam because it has influenced by Islamic rules. First, both believe in monotheistic god, which mean believe in one god.

After Muslim conquests, the growth of cities flourished under Islam rule. Muslim rulers gained control of the pre-existing cities and founded new ones from Asia to Europe. Cities and urban areas in Muslim society were important because of the role it plays in religion, trade, and culture. Trade was a very significant part of Muslim society. The trade network is expansive and the routes extend across Europe, North Africa and Asia (Document 6).

The British East India Company's lack of respect for the people of India, be it religious, economic, or administrative,

The British rulers of India helped settle 500 million diverse peoples with different religions all over India during their rulership, providing stronger communities held together by values of religion (Paragraph 6). However, the people of India were given little to no responsibility of themselves and their own nation (Document 1). Meaning the British also created a great divide of the native people and the British imperialists get to dictate what taxes and laws exist, all of which to only better the lives of themselves and did not pertain to the basic human needs for the people who actually lived in India. Paragraph 12 shows that the British did bring several different states of India into one unified nation to help establish an effective justice system, civil service, loyal army, and efficient police force to protect the people of India. On the other hand, document 2 shows that the Indians had no say in the taxes they had to pay to the British or how they spent their money as a nation.

The Quadrangular Tournament of the early 1900s consisted of many teams, all grouped by religion, who competed in cricket. This tournament really symbolized the religious divide, and people began to realize the political tensions cricket was creating during the late 30s and early 40s. An editorial in the sports journal, Indian Cricket, observed that the tournament had “degenerated into religious rivalry,” and “(stirred) up religious fanaticism” (Document 7). The great leader, Mohandas Gandhi, also found dissatisfaction with the tournament. He couldn’t comprehend why teams would be formed based on religion, as opposed to ancestry or institution (Document 8).

The Marāthās, in particular, became so enraged that they eventually gained their independence from the Mughals and established their own empire,” (Gale). The departure of the Marāthās proves the lack of religious tolerance the Mughals had at times. The Marāthās were so enraged at the lack of acceptance that they left the empire rendering it smaller and weaker. This is just one example of the Mughals not only only neglecting to practice religious tolerance, but how refusing to accept all people for their beliefs backfired in the empire’s overall growth and unity.

Throughout the rule of the British in India, Europeans mainly controlled the government and police force, leaving the Indians with no voice and no protection. According to Dr. Lalvani, the British established an efficient administration over 500 million people. While this was beneficial to the British, the Indians had no control over the taxations and laws that affected them (Doc. #2). Since all of these laws and taxes were targeted to help the British, India’s freedom was stolen, as shown in the Rowlatt Act, a law that allowed the government to imprison people without trial.

In the essay, “ The Role of Religion in Modern Society”, Dalai Lama, The preeminent religious authority in Buddhism reveals the reason behind why religion has been a major source of conflict throughout the history, and how inter-religious harmony is the key to overcoming conflict of the first sort. He goes deeper into the similarities between different religion and identifies the obstacles that obstruct inter-religious harmony by developing ways to overcome them. He believes religion plays a vital role in the modern society by shaping the person's spiritual qualities rather than making him a better religious person than the other. Dalai Lama expounds that religious practice can help a person cope with adversity than those who don't.

Sir Colin Campbell, in his book Narrative of the Indian Revolt from Its Outbreak to the Capture of Lucknow, wrote that the British had made injudicious attempts to convert sepoys to Christianity, and the sepoys believed that they were to be converted by compulsion. He also noted that the removal of the Muslim king of Oudh had caused offense among the sepoys. The British had taken control of Oudh because the system of government had become too oppressive to be tolerated. Although the court was rife with oppression, intrigue, and sensuality, it's worth noting that prejudices such as religious, national, and social biases wielded a significant influence, even in a supposedly civilized nation, and this was particularly evident in regions that had regressed into barbarism. Sir Colin Campbell highlights the significant impact of prejudices, such as religious, national, and social, on people's behavior and actions, especially in regions with a lack of civilization, writing, "Prejudices – religious, national and social – have paramount influence even in a civilized country; this is even more true in a region sunk into barbarism.

However, the congress in Britain is growing increasingly uncomfortable with this idea and suggests that it is better to suppress the views and feelings of the masses, or using a ‘firmer hand’ as the Member of Parliament put it (Kipling). Apparently, Kipling brings these arguments to fault the initiatives by the Anglo-Indian administrators and not to support

Our academic disciplines, journals, movies, and our whole cultural system is highly affected by the inevitability of the conflict between 'Islam ' and 'West ' (Adib-Moghaddam, 2011). This " clash regime" is a cultural artifact which is positioned in different strata of society because it is made up by a system of interdependent discourses that disperse into society and form a powerful 'clash mentality (Adib-Moghadam, 2011, p.5). This clash regime has constituted a main part of today 's national and international political culture (Adiv-Moghaddam, 2011, p.5). Therefore, European culture gained its own strength and identity by setting itself off against the Orient (Said, 1978). According to Macfie (2002), one of the convictions that is widely held in orientalism is the belief that Islam unlike other religions, is inherently violent its followers believe in the doctrine of Holy War or Jihad.

A violent conflict involves at least two parties using physical force to resolve competing claims or interests. Violent conflicts may occur among individuals or groups not affiliated with a government and usually involve more than one confrontation. The different types of violent conflict include the smaller scale conflicts such as blood feud and gang wars, struggles such as insurgencies, which is the rebellion against a constituted authority, terror campaigns and genocides. However, the most well known type of violent conflict would be war. Beliefs can be defined as confidence in the truth or existence of something not immediately susceptible to rigorous proof usually an in the context of ideology, religion or philosophy.

In the article Lalvani states that, the British “established the framework for India’s justice system, civil service, loyal army and efficient police force”. The British may have set up a government but the framework, however, did not include Indians. “ Of 960 civil offices...900 are occupied by Englishmen and only 60 by natives” (Doc 2). In no way are 60 voices of a race considered ‘savage’ going to overpower 900 white men, who could easily kill them for taking a stand, or trying to change the unjust laws that are

In this paper, I have attempted to present an understanding of Pakistan-India conflict by using constructivism theory of international relations. There are many reasons other than strategic reason causing this conflict like differences in ideologies, norms and beliefs. There are also cultural differences between these two nations. 2. Pakistan-India Conflict an overview South Asia is considered a region of great importance in the world.

1. Explain how ‘Establishment Buddhism’ does not seem to run in conflict with modern capitalist development in Thailand. What modern developments do however cause concern amongst traditional Buddhists? Modern capitalist development and establishment Buddhism in Thailand can be seen through its modern productive capabilities which are vastly connected to its ancient history. As well as establishment Buddhism that is reinforced by Thailand’s ancient kingdoms that are rooted in Siamese history.