DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS AND POWERS
Discretionary trusts are the second area of trust law where the three certainties, and in particular the certainty of objects, apply. These trust differ from those of a fixed nature in that the property to be given to the beneficiaries are at the discretion of the trustee to allot as they see fit. Prior to 1971 the courts used the same test they did for fixed trust. However, the case of McPhail v Doulton utilized and applied a new test to deal with discretionary trusts. Powers fall under discretionary trust and are not held to the same standard as discretionary trusts. A power is the authorisation to do certain things that may affect property . Powers are further split between mere powers and fiduciary
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The case of Re Gulbenkian is a preceded the McPhail case which was the beginning of a change from the previous position. The judges agreed with the stance after that of Re Gestetner and applied a similar test. This was as long as the trustee of a power can say with certainty when a potential “postulant” comes before them the trustee can say the person “is or is not” a beneficiary. This “any given postulant test” now applied to all powers but the courts decided the list certainty test in fixed trusts still applied equally to discretionary trusts. It was only a year later that the courts decided to apply the test for powers to discretionary …show more content…
However, it will be through a resulting trust provided for in a resulting clause of a will. In the years since Knight v Knight introduced the three certainties the courts have shown the wide array of complexities associated with them. Particularly in the area of certainty of objects. The test applied for certainty of objects is well suited for this area. The complete list test allows the trustee to see all of the beneficiaries he owes a duty to and what property they are to receive. Where the trustee is unable to do so the trust must fail because at the core of a fixed trust, the settlor or testator have allocated a finite amount of property to a finite amount of persons. As a result, the trustee cannot move property between the beneficiaries if not all are
A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2 This means no one, not even the state, has a right to peoples belongings. He does however argue that there needs to be a protective state that will be provided through a
The Succession Act does highlight, however, what the courts can do if a testator is found to not have testamentary capacity. Sections 21-28 mention that if a testator does not have testamentary capacity, then the courts can either make, alter, or revoke a will for a testator. Having this procedure in place is helpful as it can be difficult to know what should be done when it is discovered that a testator does not have testamentary capacity, but still wants to draft a will or plan their estate. On the contrary to this, it is also difficult to know whether this route can be taken, if there are no procedures in place for testamentary capacity. This is where issues can begin to arise.
Legislation Attorney-General (NSW) v Perpetual Trustee Company (Ltd) 1955 92 CLR 130 Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). Law Enforcement (Powers And Responsibilities) Act 2002
But first what is Power? When researching Power words such as authority, control, direct, command and influence all appear. These words all support the following statement “Power is the ability to influence and control the behaviour of others.” The problem with power is that it often leads to those in power abusing it. As Lord Acton famously quoted “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
James Madison wrote Federalist 51 over 200 years ago, yet its words still impact today’s government in 2016. When writing Federalist 51, Madison had two main objectives in mind; he wanted a government with a separation of powers, and he also wanted minorities to be protected. Both of his objectives have been accomplished and continue to be present in today’s American government with the latter objective being more present in today’s government even more so than in the past. To begin with, power is separated in today’s government, preventing a single person or group from having absolute power since, “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,” according to John Dalberg-Acton. The American government is composed of three branches which power is separated amongst.
Power is the ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way, Power is not only strength it is a human relationships, power is the authority one person holds over another. In the play The Crucible,written by Arthur Miller. Three characters Abigail Williams, Reverend Hale, and Judge Danforth. All want to gain power as the play goes on. But it takes a turn and influenced them negatively.
Power is the ability to actor do something in a particular way. People who have too much power and abuse it, and turn their power into a negative power. Fear and tyranny are abused by people with power creating a negative effect on society. Leaders with a huge rule of power will abuse their role as a leader by creating a fearful environment.
. John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton once stated, “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” However, the usage of power can be implemented positively or negatively, depending on the intentions of an individual. By definition, power is stated as the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events. Characters from The Epic of Gilgamesh by Sin-Leqi-Unninni and Lysistrata by Aristophanes demonstrate that not all who wield power results in corruption.
In all areas of law reasonableness tends to play a fundamental role including reasonably foreseeability, the reasonable man, beyond reasonable doubt and reasonable force to name a few. The concept of reasonableness in public decision making is no different and has developed, expanded and retracted in various jurisdictions over the past century. In public decision making, reasonableness particularly relates to judicial review, and the actions, events or otherwise which lead a public body to arrive at a particular decision rather the decision itself. It is of great importance that reasonableness is applied to public bodies in order to control the exercise of power and to prevent arbitrary and unfair decisions. In this essay, we will examine
Power as conceptualized by critical theorists. Power is one of the words that holds great effect. It is defined by Webster (2015) as “the ability to control people or things; a person or organization that has a lot of control and influence over other people or organizations”. In general, a person or organization that holds power has authority over others. Thus, power is conceptualized in the organizational communication by critical theorists.
Some would say power is the ability to control a group and have them become your followers while maintaining a strong leadership role. The two books, Animal Farm and Lord of The Flies use power through the two main chiefs of the novels. The book Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is about a group of animals that declare a rebellion against the owner of their farm. They take the farm over, and make Napoleon, the main character who is also the dictator of the book, take leadership of the farm. On the other hand, the book Lord of The Flies, by William Golding is about a group of boys who are stranded on an island with no adults.
I think that Galbraith really cleared up the definition of power for me. He put names to the type of power and names to the people who use it. Power is a bit hard to explain in the first place, usually we think of one person in charge of a lot of people but Galbraith explains that power can come from organizations as well.
Will Trusts: Do More With Your Will “Greater protection for your loved ones, better peace of mind for you” With a Will Trust you can provide greater protection for your loved ones and have control over the exactly how your estate is to be distributed, to whom and when. Property Protection Trust Over 20,000 pensioners ever year are being forced to sell their homes and deprive their children of their inheritance by Local Authorities to pay care home fees. A Property Protection Trust written into your Will can help safeguard your property for your spouse and your children. There are two further situations for which a Property Protection Trust may be considered: To provide for your surviving spouse while ensuring that your children are
(ii) Power and Conflict: The capacity the one person has the influence over the other persons such that other persons act in accordance with his/her wishes can be defined as ‘Power’. Conflicts could be both positive and negative. Good conflicts could be encouraged but bad conflicts ought to be prevented.
Substantial compliance enables the court to probate the will to be consistent with the purposes of the Wills Act. The UPC both simplified will formalities and created a provision known as the “dispensing power.” The UPC’s dispensing power provision, which is supported by the Restatement (Third) of Property, permits courts to excuse non-compliance with will formalities, so long as there is “clear and convincing evidence” of testamentary intent. Clear and convincing evidence requires a level of subjective certainty about factual conclusions that is necessary to satisfy due process. The clear and convincing evidence requirement has been met in