CYTARABINE
Cytarabine (arabinofuranosyl cytidine or ara-C) is a chemotherapeutic antimetabolic agent, used to treat cancers of white blood cells like acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its chemical name is 1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine. It kills cancer cells by interfering with synthesis of DNA, when the cell is in S-phase of the cell cycle. It is also called cytosine arabinoside implying that it combines arabinose sugar with cytosine base. Usually, cytosine pairs with deoxyribose to form deoxycytidine (a DNA component). Cytarabine is an analogue of deoxcytidine and gets incorporated into DNA. By this mechanism, it kills cancer cells.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Cells have an uptake transporter called human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1), which is important for uptake of ara-C into the cell. Inside the cell, ara-C rapidly gets activated by many phosphorylation steps to form ara-CTP (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate). When this ara-CTP is incorporated into DNA/RNA, it inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis and triggers cell death. Thus DNA replication for mitosis is affected and the cells
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It is rapidly deaminated by cytidine deaminase to biologically inactive uracil arabinoside (Ara-U), and is eliminated in urine. Thus the drug is administered through continuous intravenous injection. Plama protein binding of the drug is 13% and it is metabolized in the liver. Some effective formulations and cytarabine derivatives that are not easily deaminated and with better pharmacokinetic patterns, are used. The drug is encapsulated into pharmacologically acceptable carriers to protect it from rapid degradation and elimination, eg: encapsulation of cytarabine into multivesicular liposomes for intrathecal treatment of lymphomatous meningitis, minimizes its conversion into Ara-U, as stated by Japanese researcher Akinobu Hamada et al, in
C4564 Description: IC50: 3-AP is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity. Ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo DNA synthesis, is an excellent target for chemotherapy. Its increased activity in cancer cells is associated with malignant transformation and proliferation.
In vitro: Treatment of MM cells with SRT1720 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in MM cells resistant to bortezomib therapy without significantly affecting the viability of normal cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that anti-MM activity of SRT1720 is associated with activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, poly(ADP) ribose
Dosage 10-30mg q24h/ 5-20mg q4-6h/ IV 2.5-15mg. Drug indication/uses To treat moderate to severe pain, cough suppression, to treat diarrhea, anesthesia, acute pulmonary edema, cancer pain. Drug action Binds to Mu receptor and inhibits substance P in CNS. Contraindication Severe asthma, increases intracranial pressure, pregnancy, respiratory depression.
In the late 1940s, scientific research began taking off as innovative technologies and diseases were being created and discovered. One important field of study during the time was cancer. Like many types of new research, there were a few problems getting the ball on the roll. One problem scientists faced was obtaining cancerous cells that would stay long enough to study. One scientist struggled with this until a particularly unique strand of cells came along.
Assignment 3: Psychotropic Drug Overview: Antidepressant (7 points = annotated outline) Directions: For this assignment, you will select a psychotropic medication from the classifications of antidepressants or mood stabilizers. Choose a medication likely to be prescribed to clients with whom you are interested in working and/or a medication you would like to know more about. Create an annotated outline/infographic that includes the following: a) The use of the medication in the management of mental health –including DSM-5 code and diagnosis; b) Common side effects and any contraindications; c) Describe the pharmacokinetics of the medication using the acronym ADME to describe the process.
U.S government Case Study 2 Antimicrobial Drugs Overview: Gerald Lake, 33 years old, endocarditis an infection he acquired from IV drug use. Vancomycin 1gm IV q6h set to infuse over 1 hour, after 15 minute, half of the antibiotic has been infused. Vancomycin is used only when the other antibiotics fail to resolve an infection. Vancomycin brand name is Vancovin. It is in a class of medication called glycopetide antibiotics.
INTRODUCTION In our current era, sports is increasingly being incorporated in daily routines of individuals of all ages. Sports requires an enormous amount of energy. Is it possible to replenish this lost energy? Ever since the beginning of athletic competition, competitors have searched for a ‘legal’ tool that has the potential to enhance athletic abilities (speed, stamina, muscular endurance/recovery).
Sulfa drugs prevent the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), which is needed in order to synthesize nucleic acid. Bacteria synthesize their own folic acid, which is a necessary precursor of THF, and the sulfa drugs interfere with the synthesis of folic acid. This prevents the production of THF, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA (Slonczewski & Foster, 2015). Trimethoprin/sulfamethoxazole was used in the
Once the DNA is affected, the organism may develop many dangerous mutations. Some plants can be affected directly or indirectly. If plants are affected directly, the effects of high levels of organisms can have chromosomal
The yield of 3-nitrochalcone was 0.786 grams after filtration (percent yield of 62.04%). Multiple peaks were observed in the IR spectrum of 3-nitrochalcone at 1348.14 (N-O bond); 1593.33 (benzene ring); 1658.86 (unsaturated ketone). The carbon-carbon bonds are widely used in the drug industry to manufacture drugs and aldor condensation is used. Figure 1: Synthesis of 3-Nitrochalcone from 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde Source: cnx.org Figure 2: Mechanism Involved in the Synthesis of 3-Nitrochalcone Source: cnx.org
Introduction Chevron Phillips Chemical Company is the major producer of Cyclohexane. This successful company hoses the three largest cyclohexane plants in the world. Many are puzzled by how the production of cyclohexane seems to have become stagnant. Perhaps this is due to the cost of benzene increasing or the demand increasing. Through thorough investigation, the answer to this question and many more can be answered.
Introduction: This lab report outlines an experiment on the observation of mitosis in the cells of garlic root tips. Mitosis simply put is the division of a nucleus producing two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Miotic cell division consists of five stages: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The purpose of this experimet was to identify and observe cells within each stage of mitosis using garlic root tip cells.
Gout is the most common inflammatory type of arthritis affecting adults. The clinical syndrome of gout arises from deposition of urate crystals in joints,where they cause an inflammatory response, and in soft tissues where they do not. Crystal deposition occurs when serum becomes saturated with urate,the final breakdown product of purine metabolism. It is characterized by chronic hyperuricemia which is defined as serum urate levels above 6.8mg/dl,the level above which the physiological saturation threshold is exceeded. Typically gout produces an acute monoarthritis of rapid onset,often waking patients from sleep.
In acetanilide, the lone pair of the nitrogen is delocalized into the
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