Ap Biology Review Sheet

A reactant is the substance that is used up in a chemical reaction to give product, which is the substance that is made at the end of the reaction. Besides, the energy of the molecules that determines how fast molecules are moving is known as temperature. Therefore, the rate of the reaction that happens between molecules is affected by the size of the reactant.

Some factors that influence the speed of a chemical reaction are: (1) surface area of starting reactants; (2) concentration of reactants; (3) temperatures. The particle theory states that a solute dissolved takes place at the surface of the solvent and the larger the surface area of the particle the longer it will take to dissolve. The smaller the area the faster it will

An enzyme is protein that acts as a catalyst. Catalyst is a chemical agent that increases a chemical’s reaction rate by decreasing the activation energy (initial energy). In this experiment we used Turnip Peroxidase as our enzyme. It was primarily designed to find out if changing different factors such as, the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH and an inhibitor could have an effect on the enzyme’s activity.

The products are released from the enzyme surface to regenerate the enzyme for another reaction cycle. The active site has a unique geometric shape that is complementary to the shape of a substrate molecule, similar to the fit of puzzle pieces.

Enzymes are proteins that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take place within cells. Some enzymes help to break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.

As a result, the main differences among the different type of diffusion and transport is that free diffusion and facilitated diffusion does not need energy and their driving force is the gradient of concentration, the only difference between the two is that the facilitated diffusion needs a membrane protein. Active transport, instead, needs energy and a membrane protein. Plus, its driving force relies on the hydrolysis of ATP (against

All enzymes are under the class of protein biomolecule. Amino acids are the basic units that are combined to make up an enzyme. The biomolecule that stores information is a Nucleic Acid. The specific 3-D region within an enzyme is called the active site. The chemical

In this experiment we tested If the increase or decrease in enzymes affect the digestion rate of the substrate. Enzymes are proteins that are very important for all organisms. enzymes are very efficient catalyst for specific chemical reaction. Their purpose is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reaction very quickly so that the cells can build things or take things apart. all enzymes are unique in their own way.

The basics of cell signalling involve Source, Signal and a Receiver. The source

Catalase is a common enzyme that is present in nearly all living organisms. Enzymes are proteins that catalyse selective chemical functions without altering the products or itself. In order to accelerate a reaction, the enzyme will bind to one or more reactant molecules known as the substrates. These substrates will bind to the enzyme’s selective active site, and will then be broken down into products. All chemical reactions that occur in a living organism depend on the actions of enzymes, and function in a temperate environment similar to the body temperature of a living organism.

Chemical reactions can occur at a quicker rate as a result of using substances called catalysts. A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of the chemical reaction without being affected and as a result they can be recovered – being chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. This process is known as catalysis. Enzymes are described as any part of a group of complex proteins or conjugated proteins that are produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts in specific chemical reactions. Enzymes are one the most powerful catalysts and play an important role in living organisms as they allow reactions which would normally require extreme temperatures to occur in all living cells without destroying the organic matter.

Enzymes consist of an active site, this active site is unique to the substrate which it binds to. The active site is a tertiary structure which defines what substrate can bind to the active site. The active site is therefore highly specific. The structure and function of enzymes are compared to the lock and key hypothesis, where the lock is the enzyme and the key being the substrate. Another theory which has been presented is the induced fit hypothesis, where the tertiary structure in the active site changes slightly when bonded to the substrate to strengthen the bond between the active site and the substrate.

They can only quicken reactions that will eventually occur, but this enables the cell to have a productive metabolism, routing chemicals through metabolic pathways. Enzymes are very specific for the reactions they catalyze; they make sure the chemical processes go in the cell at any given time. Peroxidase was the enzyme being testing in this experiment. A peroxidase is an enzyme that acts as catalysts, which occurs in biological systems. Peroxidase is found in plants, which they play a role in helping to minimize damage caused by stress factors or insect pests.

They do this by transporting across the cell membrane. There are three major types of transportation: Passive, Active and Bulk. Passive transport differs from active transport as it does not require chemical energy. Passive transport maintains dynamic equilibrium of water, gases, nutrients and wastes. It allows for small nutrients and gases to enter and exit the cell.

An example is when boiling water in a pan; you observe the bubbles rising up. Consequently, the warmer part of the water rises up to where the water is slightly