Annotated Bibliography

References ATD | The World's Largest Talent Development Association. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from https://www.td.org The Association for Talent Development (ASTD) is a professional membership organization supporting those who develop the knowledge and skills of employees in organizations around the world. They support the talent development profession by providing trusted content in the form of research, books, webcasts, events, and education programs.

Martin Espada believes that language plays a substantial role in someone's identity, culture, and history. On the other hand, unfortunately, language can be used to threaten and silence others. Espada speaks out on this injustice and demonstrates how language can empower and support us. In “The New Bathroom Policy at English High School by Martin Espada, he claims that Spanish, like many other languages, represents one’s culture and identity, he explains how language is important as it shows history.

Esea. " No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. " Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. N.p., 01 Jan. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.

Language is used to convey a message as well as connect people to a particular culture or ethnicity he or she identifies with. People who share the same language share a bond and pass their history through language. In chapter one of The Skin That We Speak: Thoughts on Language and Culture in the Classroom Joanne Kilgour Dowdy speak about growing up in Trinidad and her mother insisting on her speaking in the colonizer's language rather than her native Trinidadian language. Joanne Kilgour Dowdy felt as if her identity was being pushed to the side when she was forced to speak “Colonized English” when she was at school or around the social elite of her community, and felt ridiculed from her peers for speaking proper as if she was white or of the elite social class. Dowdy major concern was how to have the freedom to go back and forth from home, language to the public language without feeling judged from both sides of her

The textbook reviewed was Pearson’s World History, The Modern Era, 2016 edition. The textbook and additional programs included were created through collaborative efforts between educators, social studies experts, and students (Ellis & Esler, 2016). The Hazleton Area School is a district that educates a student population of almost 10,900 students. The district employs more than 700 teachers (Hazleton Area School District, 2017). So needless to say the purchase of new text books at the beginning of the 2016-2017 school was an enormous undertaking and a relief for educators to be able to utilize an up to date textbook that incorporates technological opportunities for the student, bringing social studies into the digital era (Sedon, 2017).

The arguments and frameworks presented throughout this book are crucial for my understanding of “Language as Political” for which I will use to understand effective ways of perpetuating community resistance in a positive manner in which long-lasting and effective solutions are created. Massey, D. S. (2009). Racial formation in theory and practice: The case of mexicans in the united states.

A Hawaii native states, “Today, Hawaiians continue to suffer the effects of haole (white) colonization. Our language was banned in 1896, resulting in several generations of Hawaiians, including myself, whose only language is English”(Haunani-Kay, “Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty”). Language is one of the key parts to someone’s identity. The definition of Identity according to Merriam-Webster dictionary states, “the qualities, beliefs, ect., that make a particular person or group different from others.” A language definitely distinguishes a group of people.

My Rhetorical Analysis Language is a part one’s identity and culture, which allows one to communicate with those of the same group, although when spoken to someone of another group, it can cause a language barrier or miscommunication in many different ways. In Gloria Anzaldua’s article, “How to Tame a Wild Tongue”, which was taken from her book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, she is trying to inform her readers that her language is what defines her. She began to mention how she was being criticized by both English and Spanish Speakers, although they both make up who she is as a person. Then, she gave convincing personal experiences about how it was to be a Chicana and their different types of languages. Moreover, despite the fact that her language was considered illegitimate, Anzaldua made it clear that she cannot get rid of it until the day she dies, or as she states (on page 26) “Wild tongues can’t be, they can only be cut out.”

Yet, as Gloria Anzaldúa describes in “How to Tame a Wild Tongue,” “ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity” (81). The “linguistic terrorism” (80) she experiences when institutions attempt to remove her Spanish dialects decreases her feelings of cultural and individual “legitimacy” (81). In many cases, this also leads to diminishing connections with culture. Some, like Anzaldúa, view this effect as forceful and a form of cultural terrorism.

However, in order for one to truly understand the arguments made by the authors they must also understand the context behind these arguments; therefore, knowing how the individual authors’ definition of bilingualism lets the reader truly absorb what points they’re trying to make and why. In Espada’s essay, he defines bilingualism as a way for a person to remain in contact with their different cultural identities. There are many areas in the essay where the reader could interpret this definition from. However, the most significant piece of evidence appears at the beginning of the essay where Espada mentions his friend Jack Agueros’ analogy to describe his bilingualism “English and Spanish are like two dogs I love. English is an obedient dog.

Each of the authors’ text flows, and along with their language use it leaves nothing to be misunderstood. Each of them presents a convincing argument too. Thornborrow’s argument centred on the names we have in different contexts and the identities we transform into. She also pointed out how one’s accent, use of grammar and language style would change in these contexts. Although this has not happened to me personally, I do agree with Thornborrow’s view on language and identity.

Language does not necessarily define one's identity and identity does not define language, however it does affect it. Depending on how many languages people know, they are able to decide on what language they want to use in order to communicate with other communities according to their identities. One's identity defines and regulates the use of language and not the contrary.

Language Ideologies and Curriculum Studies The relation between critical Language Ideology (Irvine & Gal, 2000; Razfar, 2005) and curriculum study has more and more arisen our attention with the rapid growth of globalization. The critical theoretical principles regarding identity, ideology, and language must be explored. And in deed, this method and principle may provide a new way to the analysis of curricular discourses. First of all, we need to reframe the curricular by putting emphasis on “language”.

The everchanging nature of our global society has required adjustments in every area of society. The social assumptions and norms used in the past are increasingly incompatible with our multicultural, multilingual societies. Education is moving away from its previous focus on nurturing the ‘dominant’ culture and is evolving into a system aimed at supporting the needs of an increasingly diverse social context. This essay will discuss the importance of educators acknowledging how English has developed over time to meet the cultural needs of different groups, as well as creating an understanding of the role which class, geography and time play in the development and acceptance of ‘Englishes’. The necessity and application of multi-literacies

Differences in identity and power affect who has the right to speak and act in different situations as well as who gets heard when they do speak or noticed when they take action. Our attitudes to these differences affect our ideas of whose language is important and whose is not. They affect decisions about whose language is appropriate and inappropriate. They affect people’s opportunities and life chances. But language is also used to challenge the way things are.