Annotated Bibliography

No Child Left Behind was passed by congress and was signed by President George Bush. The federal role was holding schools accountable for the students academic success due to No Child Left Behind law. Standard testing were given to ensuring that states and schools were performing and were achieving at a certain level. If states did not comply with the new requirements of No Child Left Behind then they were at risk of losing federal funding. The No Child Left Behind was ultimately created to change the fact that American education system was considered internationally competitive­­.

The No Child Left Behind Act required more responsibility from the students of the school and more responsibility from the teachers of the school. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was then reauthorized again in 2015 by the President Barack Obama. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was then named the Every Student Succeeds Act. The Every Student Succeeds Act was a United States law that was passed in December of 2015. This Act was made to govern the United States K–12 public education

The Goals 2000: Educate America Act was a vital step to reform American education. The overall intent was to aid the nation move toward a system that was based on high standards that all students could meet —a system that will provide both equity and excellence for all of the pupils in this country. The police targeted state-grade support for reform in curriculum and assessment standards. By emphasizing standards-based reform and focused on content and performance standards, along with accountability for improvement, assessment, student performance, accountability, teacher preparation, community and parental involvement, and coordinated changes, to make a few (H. R. 10804 Goals, n.d.). The other object of this policy was to establish a

The No Child Left Behind Act states that non-english speakers must take the test before they have mstered the language. Its also requires children in special education to pass tests designed for children without disabilities. Imagine you've taken a beginning spanish class and then you have to take an end-of-semester test in spanish. Sounds hard, right?

The No Child Left Behind Act was a re-authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965, the federal law regulating grades k through 12 education. The ESEA was the first that was enacted in 1965 and reauthorized in 1994. The law states a Title I, the flagship program for the disadvantaged students. The core of the NCLB tried to improve achievements through annual regular assessment for students, so quantifying education progress and making schools accountable for the performance of the students.

This collaboration not only helps to develop the entire plan for the year, but it also empowers to the teacher or staff member by giving that person a voice. When all individuals play a role, the implementation of the plan is more likely to succeed; thus, the pivotal

Her excerpt was published in 2014. During the 2000s, up until today, there has been many debates and issues regarding the education system. Years before her excerpt was released, an act called No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind was passed in 2001. This act provided poor children educational assistance and ensured that every child would have an access to education. However, schools would be held accountable for students who are not achieving the expected level of academic success.

The No Child Left Behind Act was proposed in the mid-1990’s, however; it was not until June 2001 when it was voted on, shortly after President George W. Bush signed it into law in January 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act was popular despite it’s many flaws. NCLB had strong intentions, however, there were many underlying issues with standardized testing, teaching children to be anti-intellectual instead of allowing them the opportunity to have intellectual thought. Richard Hofstadter, a public intellectual and teacher at Columbia University was an inspiring American historian of the twentieth century. According to Hofstadter “The intellectual lives for ideas” he then continues to say, “There is in fact no profession which demands that one be an intellectual” (Hofstadter 258).

Now that the program has been in action for over a decade, the original ambitious goals and hopes set forth should have been met. Unfortunately, very little improvement has been made since its conception. In fact, Scott Abernathy (2007) states in his book that “No Child Left Behind aims to provide equality of outcomes. This is a very radical and ambitious goal.” (p. 2)

Bush. This act says that ¨congress requires states to test children's basic skills [in order] to qualify for federal funding¨ (Ravitch 106). To be clear, this law is just a reassurance of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which started the regulation of math and reading tests for 3rd-8th grade and high school. When teachers administer these tests, the scores of the children are then brought to a political sense and are compiled together to see if a school will receive funding. The state government’s also provide funding for schools who teach the curriculum that they require them to.

In 2001 George W. Bush in started the no child left behind program. This program stated that children from grades three through twelve should be given a standardized test at the end of their course. The original purpose of these tests was to hold educators accountable for their teaching method. While the no child left behind program (NCLB) might have made teachers actually teach, there has been some bad effects to this program. Some of the bad effects of the program are the stress put on children, the inaccuracy of the standardized test and finally the tremendous cost of these tests.

In this chapter, Ravitch discusses some of the various education plans (federal) and their failures. She also looks at No Child Left Behind Act established by George W. Bush, which promised a new high standards (education), testing and accountability in which not a single child would be overlooked or left behind. When the program was first announced, there was a great deal of excitement and optimism, as Bush had established a similar program in Texas, which had a great deal of success. The No Child Left Behind Act was very complex and it consisted of many programs, but its central focus was simple: accountability. Both Democrats and Republicans believed that accountability “was the lever that would raise achievement scores.”

No Child Left Behind was created to help children reach proficiency in all subjects. George Bush signed it into law in 2000. Since then the goal has been to reach 100% proficiency by 2013-2014. That goal was not met and No Child Left Behind was replaced in 2015 by the Every Student Succeeds Act. The reason people have not liked No Child Left Behind act is because it mostly focuses on testing and test prep.

There are results though that show that the ACT produces inconsistent results or no results at all, providing us with the claim that they are a hindrance and do not help provide a student’s success. The program that enforces standardized test is the Congress issued program, No Child Left Behind. This program pushes that all students have an equal chance at succeeding in high school and that all students be encouraged and pushed to bring home good grades. It is stated in a research article that “Overall, 45% of the public, and about the same percentage of parents with children in public schools (43%) – say the law overemphasizes standardized testing, based on those have heard a lot or a little about No Child Left Behind” (Heimlich). This law is one that brought along many of the standardized test that all different grades take today.

Education Reforms Education reform is legislation to improve the quality of education in the United States. Once, grades were the most important achievement for students. However, politicians and the public were concerned that our standardized test scores were not as good as those of other countries. Therefore, state and national governments started making laws to make school more challenging and to test kids more. One of those laws was “No Child Left Behind”.