Annotated Bibliography

A Columbia University for Writing alum, Brad Tuttle in his article, 21 Incredibly Disturbing Facts About High Prescription Drug Prices published on Time.com addresses the topic of high drug prices and implies that drugs are very overpriced. He supports this claim by stating that, “The price of the life-saving drug Daraprim was jacked up 5,000% overnight last fall by the company that purchased it, Turing Pharmaceuticals, and its hated CEO Martin Shkreli” (Tuttle), then that the prices of “Epi Pens have increased 450% since 2007” (Tuttle). Tuttle’s purpose is to urge the drug companies to lower prices to life-saving drugs in order to make cancer and other diseases more affordable. He adopts a judgmental tone for his audience, the readers of Time

Based on the Commonwealth Fund 2002 International Health Policy survey states that the Americans are more likely to use prescriptions drugs. Also the United States uses a larger income related inequalities in pharmaceutical use. Additionally, the price of medication in the U.S. is more expensive than it is in another country. The use of prescription drugs varies from age comparing all the 7 countries based on the graph it is easy to see that their is a high percentage of overuse of prescription drugs among the age of 18 and below. Based on the graph I am able to see that the United States has the highest percentage of more prescription drugs over the past 12 months.

http://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-014-9329-6 The main purpose of this article was to determine if there was a discrepancy between gays and lesbians raising a child and a man and women raising a child. The key question of this article was, does the wellbeing of a child in a same-sex marriage differ from that of a different-sex marriage? This article was an analysis of the findings and critiques of literature on child wellbeing and same sex parents. Also analyzed were over forty studies on the controversial topic.

BRITT, D. M. (2015). HOW TO BETTER ENGAGE ONLINE STUDENTS WITH ONLINE STRATEGIES. College Student Journal, 49(3), 399-404. Distant learning better prepares a student for their future by teaching more marketable skills and job focusing than traditional learning schools.

In the United States alone, $350 billion is spent annually on prescription drugs. Unfortunately, a quarter of Americans struggle to afford their medications. While drug companies argue that they need additional funding for research and development, it seems that their focus is primarily on creating drugs that offer minimal innovation but maximize profits. They resort to raising drug prices unjustifiably, even when the value of the medication does not warrant such inflated costs.

“A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection.” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 84, no. 4, 2006, pp. 659–699. MEDLINE, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00464.x.

The pharmaceutical industry oversees the production and manufacturing of prescription drugs by various pharmaceutical companies for the use of the general public under the management of a physician. Originally, pharmaceutical companies would only market their drugs to physicians through medical journals or visits from a company representative. However, in the 1980s the pharmaceutical industry sought to educate the public about medications and prescription drugs by creating the concept of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising would expand the pharmaceutical market in order to reduce the deficit of the time and cost it took to manufacture new drugs. The introduction of direct-to-consumer

Distance Education Within 21st Century and Its Application to Rehabilitation Education” by Kathryn Dzeken and Doug Man is a really interesting article. The purpose of this study explains how distance education enriches rehabilitation students such as technology and the current models of course delivery. In this paper I will focus on the content by explaining the significance, originality, and interpretation. The author does a really good job by defining a conceptualize definition of distance education.

As one of the fastest-growing components in the US health care market, prescription drugs command much attention. Spending on prescription drugs exceeded $150 billion in 2001, which is almost twice $79 billion spent in 1997 (National Institute for Health Care Management, 2002). In 2001, the industry spent more than $19.1 billion in promotional activities. The spending for direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertising increased from $1.1 billion in 1997 to about $2.7 billion in 2001, which is as dramatic as the increase in drug companies’ spending on research and development (R&D), from $19 billion to $30.3 billion (US General Accounting Office, 2002).

There are few facts about Johnson & Johnson: • Last Year sales rose by 6%. • Took a jump of 6 place and acquired 29th position in fortune 500. • Profit increased by 22% • 6th most profitable company in America • Total asset $131 Billion Johnson & Johnson did a key acquisition of two companies, Cilag Chemie in Europe and McNeil Laboratories in the United States. In 1959 McNeil was the first company who developed a aspirin-free pain reliever, Tylenol elixir for children.

This process is designed to occur over a long period of time to ensure that only the safest and most effective drugs arrive on the market. There are regulatory challenges, competition and financial concerns associated with the research and development of new products. As a result of these challenges, drug manufacturers must be very resilient and financially stable in order to stay competitive in the marketplace. Regulations not only threaten to interfere with Pfizer 's international business, but are also forthcoming to its business in the United States. With the FDA having increased regulatory power, Pfizer 's cost will rise as it becomes more complicated to get new drug approvals and on the market, negatively affecting the revenue.

The answer starts with how much money they make. Pharmaceutical corporations are some of the biggest companies in the world and they use their money for things like, political lobbying and paying for studies to show that certain drugs are safe.(Lusher) The most important thing that they spend their money on is the process of getting drugs approved by the FDA. The process of getting a drug approved is very rigorous and costs companies millions of dollars. This makes it hard for smaller companies to compete with the giant corporations but what really helps corporations is the twenty year patent that each newly approved drug gets.

The Justice Department (DOJ) was already in a year long investigation into pharmaceutical industry. This is very big because of the of the large number of clinical trials done overseas, and the percentage of drugs that are approved in the U.S. due to these clinical trials. Merck, a very big American pharmaceutical company, and one of the largest in the world, disclosed in its SEC filing that it was under investigation for the FCPA act. Many other major companies such as AstraZeneca, Baxter, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, receives at least an inquiry letter regarding their practices outside the U.S. (Andersen, 2010) (p.2). Below is a chart of known investigations against companies by industry and against individuals (Miller & Chevalier, 2015).The key FCPA legislation dictates any U.S. company that uses travel, gifts and entertainment to market its offerings to potential customers internationally must obey and understand the accounting and anti-bribery points of the act.

Eli Lilly and Company financial administrators have significant experience and skills in both business management and the pharmaceutical industry. According to Forbes, Eli Lilly as the 10th most significant pharmaceutical business in the world with $94.1 billion market capitalization. Since Lilly concentrated, it worked in the fields of drug analysis, development and marketed in the areas of endocrinology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, oncology, and women's health. The business made a significant improvement in the 1990's because of its successful antidepressant Prozac, but Eli Lilly has faced a possible loss in earnings with its patent early to expire.

PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS - PHARMA INDUSTRY Using Porter's Five Forces we can analyse the scope of the pharmaceutical industry. It looks into five factors namely, competitive rivalry, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of customers. " Competitive rivalry: The pharmaceutical industry is highly fragmented with almost 3,000 pharma companies and 10,500 manufacturing units. Due to increasing demand of high-quality drugs, low-to-moderate entry barrier to the new entrant, the presence of a number of large and small firm this market is highly competitive.