Annotated Bibliography

“The intent behind closing these gaps is to break the connection between race or family income and achievement while at the same time continuing to improve the performance of the top students. ”(28) Gaps between race and wealth have always been issues in schools. Historically, children living in poverty are more likely to score lower on tests than those

While reading the article, it is easy to see how the author establishes main points about race playing a key role in inadequate funding and opportunities for certain school systems. Darling- Hammond emphasizes that

Jonathan Kool a former educator talks about in his article “Still separate, Still Unequal” talks about the inequalities he has seen in public schools he has taught and done research on. One of his main topics in his article is the fact of segregation resurfacing in public schools. Jonathan gives many examples of this is one of them Kozol states in his article “In a school a visited in the fall of 2004 in Kansas city, Missouri, for example, a document distributed to visitor’s reports that the school’s curriculum “address the needs of children from diverse backgrounds. But as I went from class to class, I did not encounter any children who were white or Asian- or Hispanic for that matter….

There are certain tools that are essential in schools for the success of education. Whether it be reading, writing, comprehending, or problem solving; these are all tools that are advantageous to possess in one’s education. Unfortunately, not all groups are able to acquire all these tools as easily as other groups are. It is unequivocal that education plays a major role in one’s future, but certain students cannot achieve their ideal education because of the lack of a proper education system. This is what leads to the inequality in education for students of color who are from an underprivileged area, compared to students on the contrary.

HFD 110 November 18th, 2015 60 schools, 30 districts, and 11 states that’s how many Jonathan Kozol visited after several years of watching and experiencing inner city children school districts. Back in the 1960s Jonathan Kozol was working with segregation schools in New York where Kozel was able to observe the students and the programs and was able to soon enough find out the problems that these schools were having. Kozel gives a lot of statistic through out to help the readers see how bad inner city schools have been over the years and still to this day the issues that they are having. One being while walking through the halls of one inner city school out of 2,000 children he did not see one white child. Usually these schools are made up of Blacks, Hispanics and even sometimes Asians barely ever you will see a white child.

The American education system provides less resources and inexperienced teachers to schools with low-income students, which are said to be mainly African American and Latino. This continuing inequality has detrimental effects on society. In 2013, only 66 percent of African American graduated on time, while 83 percent of White students finished high school in four years. These facts undermine our core beliefs about education and equality. It also undermines our national ability to be competitive in the global

“Public schools for black children received less funding, less maintenance, and less teacher training,”(Source 1). Under those circumstances black children did not get as good of an education as white children. There were other issues regarding education to, for example in 1957 when integration started in Central High school segregationist harshly acted on the issue. ” When the black students, known as the “Little Rock Nine,” attempted to enter the Central High

Decades after the Brown vs. Board decision, achievement gaps and disparities in educational resources and opportunities persist in many communities, particularly those with high concentrations of minority

Surprisingly, segregation still exists in the school system with direct impacts to individuals of color. Previously the landmark Brown V. Board of Education Supreme Court decision intended to stop segregation in schools, however, the case did not have a strong impact. According to “Race Ethnicity and Education” by Adrienne D. Dixson and Celia K. Rousseau Brown vs Board of Education is an appeasement act rather than a solution. Arguing that Brown vs Board of Education was a mirage whereas fifty years later indicates growing Hispanic and African American students attending schools comprised of minorities (Dixson 18). Additionally elucidating, “during the 2001-2002 school year, nearly 63% of black students in Michigan attended schools that were 90-100% minority” (Dixson 18).

(Black 2013) It is obvious that integrated schools improve education for low-income and minority students, so the solutions to the stratification issues we face should include, (1) helping all parents understand diversity provides benefits to everyone and (2) developing and supporting policies that promote diversity, while maintaining individual choice to a degree. To address the issue of helping parents understand the importance of diversity, schools should utilize the increased marketing that has come with more choice. Instead of focusing entirely on the fiscal bottom line or test scores, schools could explain that critical thinking and better preparation for a multicultural world with its global economy are some of the benefits of integrated schools, areas white students are currently lacking in. (Black 2013)

High-poverty schools are often in majority Black and Latinx neighborhoods and often employ less experienced and less qualified teachers, experience high levels of teacher turnover, and lack effective peer groups, facilities, and learning

Next, I attended an inner city Junior High School. I was not zoned there; I was accepted through their gifted program, but this only comprised a small fraction of the school. Coming from a school in a good neighborhood to one that was subpar was a huge leap, I immediately noticed the vast differences in the quality of education. My junior high school was mostly composed of Blacks, Hispanics, and a small percentage of White. In Segregation Prominent in Schools, Study Finds, by Motoko Rich, the statistics show that “43 percent of Latinos and 38 percent of blacks attend schools where fewer than 10 percent of their classmates are white (Motoko, 2012).

For example, in spite of the fact that black kids make up only 18 percent of preschoolers across the country, they represent about half of out-of-school suspensions, as per a 2014 U.S. Department of Education report. Other consequence is thinking of whites about black education. Williams, and David (1999) demonstrates national data which uncover that in 1942 only 32% of

According to the peer-reviewed article "The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race Teachers", "We find that Black students randomly assigned to at least one Black teacher in grades K–3 are 9 percentage points (13 percent) more likely to graduate from high school. They are 6 percentage points (19 percent) more likely to enroll in college than their same-school, same-cohort Black peers who are not assigned a Black teacher. " Teachers' effects on students of the same race has been a topic that has been studied for a long time. This is a topic many scholars want to understand how and why race can affect a student's educational outcome. Through the research done, this paper will explain how students educationally benefit from teachers of the same and how

Racial inequality in education is predominant in black students and is perpetuated further by educators. A theory that explains this could be the “hidden curriculum” theory which conditions students to believe that their cultural backgrounds must be silenced to resemble the model white student. Studies show that training educators in cultural sensitivity and establishing trust between students and teachers allows students from varying cultural backgrounds to improve in classroom settings. RACE INEQUALITY IN U.S. EDUCATION Considered the “melting pot” of the world due to its high diversity, the United States has been renowned for the varying cultures and races populating the country.