Laura Paez
Lab 4: AAS; Creating a Standard Curve Two Different Ways
Chemistry 4440
Harshani Rathnaweera
September 22, 2014
ABSTRACT
In this experiment the Varian 220 AAS instrument was used as an introduction to understanding the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) instrument and how it works. The experiment consisted of making standard solutions that contained manganese (Mn) and 5% concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and measuring them for absorptions in order to use that with a calibration plot and find the concentrations of two unknowns. Two unknowns were also measured along with a CAL ZERO used as the blank. The standards were diluted to fit within the Mn linear range of 2 to 30 ppm in atomic absorption spectroscopy. These four standards,
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This lab also tested basic chemistry techniques and calculations. The experiment consisted of making standard solutions that contained manganese (Mn) and 5% concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) that were measured for absorption to find their concentrations. Two unknowns were also measured and later their concentrations were calculated as well. The metal element of interest, in this case Mn, is measured in atomic absorption as how much light at a specific wavelength is absorbed when it goes through the atoms in the sample. The AAS instrument is highly sensitive, it can read parts per million (ppm) concentration but also parts per trillion (ppt) concentrations. It also has high selectivity since it only measures for one specific element at a time. This is because other elements usually have different wavelengths of absorption, which means that they probably will not be absorbed at the chosen wavelength of the analyte being measured.
Instrumental Theory and
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Specifically, what would you do if your unknown sample is out of the linear range of your calibration curve (Varian's software uses the label: UNCAL or OVER)? If the unknown sample was out of the linear range of calibration, a dilution of the unknown sample would have to be prepared. Depending on how high out the range the sample reading was, the dilution would have to be made. After this the unknown would have to be measured again to see if the dilution of the sample made it fit in the linear range or not. If once again the sample was outside the linear range of calibration, then another dilution would have to be performed. The sample, then once again would have to be measured to make sure that the dilution worked and the sample is within the linear range.
4. Using your instrumental textbook, describe and explain the following two different techniques for determining and correcting chemical interferences.
Spiking
Spiking is simply adding a known amount of the analyte is added to an aliquot of the desired analyte. This is done to see if the instrument has any non-spectral interferences. So if the amount of analyte that was added can be measured close to the known and expected result, it means that there are no non-spectral
The absorbance and the maximum wavelength of all eight standard solutions were determined using the same spectrophotometer in this section. First, approximately 3 mL of each solution was added into a cuvette using a plastic pipette. The solution was added until the level reached the frosty part of the cuvette and any bubbles were dislodged by gently tapping the cuvette against a hard surface. Then, a Kimwipe was used to clean the exterior of the cuvette. Once cleaned, the cuvette was transported by only holding the top edges.
1. The test subjects will prepare for sleep by acquiring everything needed for the subjects’ sleep preferences. 2. The test subjects will all set alarms on their smartphones for approximately 6, 8, and 10 hours after the subjects’ enter the resting period (Subjects may wake during the resting period for the bathroom, but they must not stay awake for more than ten minutes at a time to prevent as much deviation as possible.). 3.
Metal cations can be identified based on the colors they emitted off when heated in a flame.1 When atoms of the ions that were tested are excited, their electrons move up to higher levels of energy.2 When the electrons relax and return to the original states, they emit photons of specific energy creating wavelengths of light that produces colors.3 The test wire and Bunsen Burner were used to excite the solution in the crucible. The standard metal cations that were tested and their outcomes are as shown in Table 1.
Another way in which we ensured the accuracy in out qualitative tests was comparing them with known reference samples to make sure that the observations we were making were the correct ones, we did this by making sure that the same result was observed. We also had to be careful in making sure that our results were not mistaken for other ions which gained similar results. Another way which we ensured the accuracy of out experiments was that we repeated each experiment until we gained at least three consecutive results within so far of each
Meg Andrews Lab 1: on page 33 Discussion Questions: 1. Environmental factors of the testing room play a huge role in impacting the reliability and validity of the HR assessment. Other factors can include how well the client is prepared for his or her assessment. An example would be, if the client received enough sleep prior to the procedures that are forthcoming in the fitness assessment. 2.
In this lab there were five different stations. For the first station we had to determine an unknown mass and the percent difference. To find the unknown mass we set up the equation Fleft*dleft = Fright*dright. We then substituted in the values (26.05 N * 41cm = 34cm * x N) and solved for Fright to get (320.5g). To determine the percent difference we used the formula Abs[((Value 1 - Value 2) / average of 1 & 2) * 100], substituted the values (Abs[((320.5 - 315.8) /
For an experiment to be done accurately multiple times, there needs to be control. A controlled experiment is one that is consistently done, with maybe only a few differences, each time. (Controlled Experiments, n.d.) For example, the controls in our experiment could be taking the same exact route to work each time, leaving at the same time everyday, starting and ending the time at the same point, and maintaining a constant speed, respective to the speed limits, each
The use of malathion is concerning to some members of the community. Below you will find a full risk assessment on the use of malathion for controlling mosquitos. Step 1. Identify the types of adverse effects caused by the malathion.
The detected light is then displayed and compared directly to the calibration curve (on the output device). From this comparison, scientist can relate the light reading detected from the unknown and can then determine the concentration of the solution as absorbance is always proportionately equal to concentration of the metal atoms within the solution. (meaning that the absorbance will always increase relative to higher
Through the titration process, we are able to identify physical changes to the mixture such as the colour change to indicate the end point of the experiment. For example, the colour changes of phenolphthalein from colourless to pink and methyl orange from red to orange and subsequently yellow. Acids produce hydrogen ions and bases produce hydroxide ions. This causes the indicator to change colour due to the colour difference from the undissociate molecules.
The absorbance level @ 520 nm obtained from the spectrometer indicates the amount of urea obtained via measuring the absorbance of the light through the supernatant coloration, which was provided by the
These concepts should be the standards and guidelines addressed
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.
Tambopata is one of the most biodiverse rainforest of the amazon basin, small part of the “lungs of the world”. Rainforest play a huge important role in our world. Trees, plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) that we exhale, and provide the oxygen (O2) we need to breathe. Although, deforestation in rainforest has been contributing to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, as a consequence atmospheric temperature may increase and threaten the viability of certain ecosystems. To understand this situation, we must comprehend that the majority of type of Plants conjuncted are the primary source for all of the biotic energy requirements of an ecosystem.
The procedure involves weighing of the lysimeters in a given time. Though limitations are present, this is best way to measure