In Chapter 5 of Work and Labour in Canada, Jackson & Thomas (2017) examine work, gender, social reproduction, and how their relationships contribute to the gender wage gap. Across the globe, women bear the primarily responsibility for social reproduction - activities that ensure daily survival needs are met, such as buying household goods and preparing meals. This may explain why women in Canada have lower participation rates in the workforce and in full-time employment as compared to men. In Scandinavian countries, women have higher participation rates in full-time work, which is largely credited to the public institutions and not-for-profits that provide affordable household caring needs (Jackson & Thomas, 2017). Although this reasoning is plausible, it also seems oversimplified and there may be many other cultural factors that contribute to these high rates in Scandinavia. Since elder care and child care is expensive in Canada, women still do the majority of social reproductive work. Consequently, they have to …show more content…
Much of the unpaid care work that England (2005) mentions can be categorized as social reproduction, which is essential for the survival of the population. Women, make up the majority of both paid and unpaid care workers; therefore, gender inequality is impacted by how well care work is rewarded by society. The devaluation framework suggests that care work is poorly rewarded because it is considered to be women’s work. On the other hand, the public good framework argues care workers are paid poorly because the benefits of care work are difficult to quantify. (England, 2005) If this is the case, care workers would have low wages even if men dominated this work force. Can the gender pay gap be explained using multiple frameworks and can these frameworks be applied to other areas of
This attempt at ‘empowerment’ drastically neglects the needs of women who are already working, perhaps more than one job, and still cannot afford to raise their children or feed their
Lastly, take risk as another factor. Majority of the workers in nearly all the most dangerous occupations, such as iron workers and loggers, are male, and 92 percent of work-related deaths in 2012 were to men. Males are also more likely to pursue occupations where compensation is risky from year to year, such as finance and law. Research shows that average pay in such jobs is higher to compensate for the risk. Therefore, due to the fact that women and men do different type of jobs and work different hours, the gap in wage is not related to gender discrimination and feminism is again proven to be irrelevant
For many women in Canada, retirement only means financial struggle. Senior women are twice as likely to live in poverty than men. Men and Women work about the same hours in a day but women do more unpaid work like childcare, cooking and housework. In order to manage their household responsibilities, many women choose part-time or temporary jobs which is bad because most of these jobs are low paid and have no long term security. Compared to other developed countries, Canada’s poverty rate is very high as we rank 20th out of the 31 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries.
Male tends to make more than female because of a simple fact they are male. A counterpart female will make 35% less then what male were paid in the same field with exact same background and experience (Louis). This occurs in even in occupation where female dominates such as nursing. When thinking of nursing automatically you think of a female with a scrub on and typically this is correct because female tends outshine male in health industry. But even against these odds male in nursing typically make $5,000-%10,000 more than their counter part female
Title: Why is care work under-valued and under-rewarded? Key Words: paid and unpaid care work, wage penalties, undervaluation Abstract This literature review draws upon relevant literature on undervaluation and relative wage penalties of work associated with care. By dividing care work into paid and unpaid, the article departs from the fact that most care work is under-valued and under-paid, despite some exceptions. It aims at investigating the reason that causes the current phenomenon, via comparing and inducing different frameworks and theories.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, feminist scholars became the main architects of the care perspective. Care scholarship can be viewed a feminist because it pursues avenues to challenge and promote change regarding gender inequities entrenched in the historic and current practices of care. Burnier, (2003) posits that it has been commonly women, working at home without pay or outside the home at low pay, who have been expected to perform society’s care work. Baines, Evan, and Neysmith states (as cited in Burnier, 2003, p. 532), that feminist scholars envision a society where care work would be accomplished “without reproducing and perpetuating gender inequality” and that care work becomes “everyone’s work,” which means “redistributing
This is because gender-based difference. Women are still viewed as primary caregivers. In the society, women are viewed to have responsibilities both housework including care for family and paid labor. According to Hooyman and Kiyak, women are more likely to feel burdens although men and women do similar tasks. Women tend to feel responsibilities for older people and to care with empathy.
This blind belief that girls must make more family contributions than boys engraves into young girls’ minds, and they pass this onto their future generations. Furthermore, to fulfill their families’ needs, women are forced to sacrifice their careers. A survey by Employment Services Canada reveals that 52% of women exit the workforce permanently after they conceive and take maternity leaves. Out of these women, 75% say they wish to stay in the workforce, but couldn’t due to external factors such as social pressures, family expectations, and employer discrimination. After investing their time, money, education, and effort to reach their career goals, many women ultimately quit their jobs for the stability of their family.
Gender inequality is widespread and prevalent throughout many different aspects of Scotland’s society. Stereotypically, men are perceived to have strong, contentious and masculine personalities. However, on the contrary, woman are perceived to be dainty and fragile and are thought of as weak. This belief has, over time, led to the significant pay gaps of 11.5% (comparison of men's full-time hourly earnings with women's full-time hourly earnings), (The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, para. 2) and created the ideology that woman are inferior and are reliant on men and other sources for economical purposes. To back this statement up, Jane Lewis (1998, p. 89) states “There are three main sources of income for women in modern industrial
Annotated Bibliography Quast, L. (2015, November 22). The Gender Pay Gap Issue Is Fixable -- But May Require Bolder Actions To Overcome. Retrieved from Forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/lisaquast/2015/11/22/the-gender-pay-gap-issue-is-fixable-but-may-require-bolder-actions-to-overcome/2/ It is reported by the Economic Policy Institute that although women had made tremendous records entering into workforce and gain great successes in education, but their wage is 83% comparing to men. The world forum also released a report in 2015 that women now make as much as men earned a decade ago.
Liberal feminists argue that women have the same capacity as men for moral reasoning and work habits, but that patriarchy, particularly the sexist division of labor, has historically denied women the opportunity to express and practice this reasoning. These dynamics serve to shove women into the private sphere of the household and to exclude them from full participation in public life. Hence, gender inequality is a hazard not only to the highly capable, talented and deserving women but also to the economy as a whole. Both awareness of the existing gender inequality and implementation of policies that address gender inequities need to be strengthened. Reducing the amount of time women spend on unpaid work is also essential.
It is proven that gender does contribute to a difference in wages in society and there for another cause of wealth inequality. The U.N. has found that gender discrimination is still a significant factor in holding many women and children around the world in poverty. In many countries, there is a gender income gap in the labor market. For example, in America, statistics show that “The median full-time salary for women is 78 percent of that of men”; despite the fact women make up half the workforce. One of the reasons women earn less income/money in their lifetime is usually because they are single mums and/or have more people/family to support on their
Typically, a “domestic industry” would textile work, agricultural work, and other forms of labor that was designated for the female worker. Unmarried women were a source of labor for Canadian industry, since they were under no obligation to work in the home as a domestic servant. Therefore, women could be expected to work in domestic industries as a source of income in order to pay for rent, clothing, and food. This type of patriarchal culture defines the highly restrictive barriers that made it difficult for women to find gainful employment throughout the 1890s to the early 1920s. MacDowell et al (1992) disagrees on the dominance of unmarried women in the workforce, but it does reflect the overarching patriarchal barriers to female employment over a period of thirty
Mothering Ideologies as Barriers to Gender Equity’ points out that even in the Western societies which are considered comparatively progressive with regard to honouring the independence of women both in the realm of the domestic as well as in the public sphere, “Today although 70 percent of US mothers work outside the home, prevailing beliefs about childrearing are…firmly based on the ideal of the ever-present, continually attentive, at-home mother” (P. 414). This is a result of a sexist indoctrination in the understanding of gender roles that women go through. However, more disturbing is their complicity to the defined parameters within which women have been taught to function. A toddler’s needs being
The United States is currently facing an economical problem that involves males and female differences within the workplace. Males are given bigger and sometimes even better rewards for doing equal amounts of work as their female counterparts. Females are frequently not receiving the same wage even if they can complete the same job of a male. Also, females are less likely to get promoted within their job if they are competing against a male. A source states, “Women are now more likely to have college degrees than men, yet they still face a pay gap in every single education level,