The Role Of Sexism In John Muir's Into The Wild

In some ways, Chris McCandless of Krakauer’s Into the Wild, acts as the epitome of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideals within his essay “Self-Reliance.” McCandless, who has grown into quite a celebrity, abandoned his family’s bourgeois values and sought to discover the terrain of his soul through an Alaskan Odyssey. Only months later, a moose hunter stumbled upon his corpse within a bus. Critics often chalk his death up as a warning to young adolescents looking for adventure, while the aforementioned adolescents idolize his journey. Despite the harsh denunciations and hero-worship, McCandless acted simply as his own person by disregarding society’s views and looking for his own thoughts in solitude, thus embodying Emerson’s “Self-Reliance.”

In his essay, “First Wilderness: America’s Wonderland and Indian Removal from Yellowstone National Park,” Mark David Spence argues that the creation of Yellowstone National Park is an early illustration of removing native peoples as a way to “preserve” nature. The idea of Yellowstone being a pristine and untouched wilderness, is challenged by Spence as he brings to light the presence of Indigenous peoples and communities who had occupied the land prior to the national park being established. He advocates for a better understanding of Yellowstone National Park’s history, encompassing the dispossession of the Indigenous peoples within the area. Spence explains how the wilderness preservation of Yellowstone ignores and dismisses any connection

Krakauer’s anecdote illustrates how he was drawn to the story of Mccandless and how Chris’s actions, thoughts, and mental processes came naturally. He informs us of the inevitable accidents that can occur while hiking the wilderness, as well as his own mindset during his similarly troubled, youthful years. Krakauer went through similar mental growth as Chris, but had the fortune of surviving where Chris did not. Unlike McCandless, he didn’t have a single minded focus of living an idealistic life inspired by a great such as Jack London or Thoreau, but Krakauer did yearn for something larger than himself. Both he and Chris shared the desire of personal morality.

Within Aldo Leopold’s novel, A Sand County Almanac, the concept of trophic cascade is brought forth with his idealistic mindset for “a land ethic”. To Leopold, the land ethic “changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members and also respect for the community as such” (Leopold 871). Utilizing this mindset, the actions, consequences, and events from Timothy Treadwell’s life depicted in the documentary Grizzly Man have an understanding and purpose for why they transpire the way they do.

By this definition of wilderness, the Yellowstone, Glacier, and Yosemite national parks are defined as wilderness today. The Indians who once found reservation in the national parks were slowly removed in the best interest of tourism until the parks were no longer the “Indian Wilderness.” The National Park Service who preserves these national parks claims to preserve the natural and cultural resources and values of the national parks; however, the National Park Service subsequently erased the existence of Indians from the history of the national parks. Mark Spence argues that the National Park Service is therefore providing inaccurate history of the nations’ national parks. While the National Park Service successfully preserves the land in which it protects, it fails to be informative on the cultural aspect and how the national parks came

I disagree with Cronon’s notion that people’s idea of wilderness was historically powerful. Undoubtedly, the wilderness notion played a role in forming American identity. Cronon states the consequences of this role when he writes “Thus in the myth of the vanishing frontier lay the seeds of wilderness preservation in the United States, for if wild land had been so crucial in the making of the nation”(Pg 76). The described consequences aren’t particularly profound. Even though the wilderness notion resulted in establishing national parks and preservations, it did not prevent the further development of industry, consumption of forests and mining of natural resources.

I disagree with Cronon’s notion that people’s idea of wilderness was historically powerful. Undoubtedly, the wilderness notion played a role in forming American identity. Cronon states the consequences of this role when he writes “Thus in the myth of the vanishing frontier lay the seeds of wilderness preservation in the United States, for if wild land had been so crucial in the making of the nation”(Pg 76). But these consequences aren’t particularly profound. Even though the wilderness notion resulted in establishing national parks and preservations, it did not prevent the further development of industry, consumption of forests and mining of natural resources.

The Trouble with Wilderness by Cronon is an essay that critiques the American idea of wilderness. Cronon described the history of the idea of wilderness from biblical beginnings to modern descriptions. He also states that wilderness is a human creation and is simply a “reflection of our own unexamined longings and desires” (1). The potential danger in society’s traditional concept of wilderness is that is somehow apart from human life. The author defends this statement by pointing to the concept of “untouched” nature.

Inspired by the marshland around her house, Susan Cooper’s Ghost Hawk brings about a multitude of questions and criticisms through her representations of indigenous lives. The novel’s two epigraphs suggest an air of equality or a neutral perspective of sorts with regards to the existence of all people and their land. This is especially apparent in Cooper’s use of Woody Guthrie’s liberal lyrics, this land is your land, this land is my land…this land was made for you and me. It appears that Cooper is setting the tone for readers to think that the land (which is historically accounted as being taken from the indigenous people), was in fact intended for all. Before reading the reviews and ensuing debates, I wondered if Susan Cooper wrote the story

In his 1995 essay “The Trouble with Wilderness,” William Cronon declares that “the time has come to rethink wilderness” (69). From the practice of agriculture to masculine frontier fantasies, Cronon argues that Americans have historically defined wilderness as an “island,” separate from their polluted urban industrial homes (69). He traces the idea of wilderness throughout American history, asserting that the idea of untouched, pristine wilderness is a harmful fantasy. By idealizing wilderness from a distance, he argues that people justify the destruction of less sublime landscapes and aggravate environmental conflict.

With the specific explanation about the influence of the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act, that it “specifically created the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, doubled the size of the former range, and restricted development in areas that are clearly incompatible with oil exploration”, Carter supports his argument that protecting the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is necessary from a professional perspective of the singer of a relative major act by using ethos, and it not only appeals to the audiences by referring his character as the former US president, but also helps the author to raise credibility of his central argument. In conclusion, Jimmy Carter adeptly utilizes pathos, logos, and ethos to strengthen his argument that the industrial development in the Arctic National Wild Refuge should be prohibited in his foreword to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and land, A photographic Journey by Subhankar

Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild investigates the life and adventures of Chris McCandless. The author provides information about Chris’ life to illuminate his journey. Krakauer also uses rhetorical appeals to defend Chris’ rationale for his journey. Through Krakauer’s use of pathos, ethos, and logos, he persuades the audience that Chris is not foolish; however, Krakauer’s intimacy with Chris and his adventures inhibits his objectivity.

Romanticism was a movement during the late 18th century that encouraged imagination, exploration, individualism, and emotion. From it derived Transcendentalism, one of the first movements to originate from America and which bore the first American philosophers. These movements are often present in many pieces of American literature and this is no exception in Jon Krakauer’s novel Into the Wild. The historic account retells the story of a young man named Chris McCandless, who adopts the pseudonym Alexander Supertramp and takes to the road, only to die of starvation in Alaska. On the surface it appears to be cautionary tale, but Krakauer literally retraces McCandless’ steps, talking to the people who Chris spoke with and even traveling to Chris’ final resting place.

The Alaskan Bush is one of the hardest places to survive without any assistance, supplies, skills, and little food. Jon Krakauer explains in his biography, Into The Wild, how Christopher McCandless ventured into the Alaskan Bush and ultimately perished due to lack of preparation and hubris. McCandless was an intelligent young man who made a few mistakes but overall Krakauer believed that McCandless was not an ignorant adrenalin junkie who had no respect for the land. Krakauer chose to write this biography because he too had the strong desire to discover and explore as he also ventured into the Alaskan Bush when he was a young man, but he survived unlike McCandless. Krakauer’s argument was convincing because he gives credible evidence that McCandless was not foolish like many critics say he was.

In the 2013 online article, “The Chris McCandless Obsession Problem”, author Diana Saverin describes the Alaskan wilderness travel phenomenon along with attempting to uncover the ‘McCandless Pilgrims’ “root of motivation. Sparked by the release of both Jon Krakauer’s and Sean Penn’s “Into the Wild”, numerous individuals pack their backpacks and eagerly step into their (sometimes newly-bought) hiking shoes and tramp into the Alaskan Wild to pay homage to their hero Chris McCandless. Filled with personal anecdotes and interviews, Severin’s Outside article takes a new approach Into the Wild commentary by directing attention to the lives McCandless’s story affected indirectly rather than critiquing on McCandless himself. In response to what appears to be a huge amount of troubled McCandless-inspired tramping stories, Saverin provides an unbiased rationale as a attempt to explain why so many are “willing to risk injury, and even death, to..visit the last home of Alaska’s most famous adventure casualty”. Saverin begins her article with anecdote- telling the unfortunate experience of young lovers and adept adventure seekers, Ackerman and Gros.