When one generally thinks of the Middle Ages they picture stone castles, violent wars, and courageous knights. However, he or she may be surprised to learn that the single most influential institution during this era was the Christian Church. Not only did the church serve to give people spiritual guidance, but it also served as the government as well; it was the spiritual community of Christian believers waiting for the day of deliverance from a dark, hostile world. Several social conflicts and ideals during this era also directly affected the church. This paper will discuss how the major characteristics of the church during the Middle Ages were ultimately influenced by the Schism between the East and West, the violent Crusades, and the emergence …show more content…
The relations between the East and West were extremely tense throughout the years before the division. They had been long embittered by theological disputes and ecclesiastical differences. In his book Nine Hundred Years, historian Yves Congar describes the continuous tension between the two churches. He writes, “from the earliest centuries, manifold differences between East and West about practically everything evolved in such divergent ways that soon an estrangement began to set, which was hardened by mistrust and mutual ignorance”. For example, the churches of the East and West commonly argued about the Pope’s claim to universal jurisdiction and Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy. Another disagreement between the churches was regarding the source of the Holy Spirit. The Latin West added the word Filioque (“and from the Son”) to the Nicene Creed. This addition of this word to the creed stated that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church strongly rejected this …show more content…
In the 1040s, chaos arose in Southern Italy, which was at the time under Byzantine Rule. Norman warriors invaded and conquered the area and replaced Eastern Greek bishops with Western Latin bishops. This change in language ultimately created confusion among the people. As stated in The Catholic Encyclopedia, “It is difficult to conceive this detail [change in language] as a cause of estrangement, but it is undoubtedly true that many misunderstandings arose and grew, simply because people could not understand one another”. As mentioned earlier, when Patriarch Constantinople Michael Cerularius heard that the Normans were preventing Greek customs, he ordered the closure of all Latin Churches in Constantinople in 1054. However, Cerularius’ orders were only the beginning of the final rupture. In his book, Church History, Justo L. Gonzalez writes, “The final break took place in the year 1054, when Cardinal Humbert, representing the Pope, declared that the Patriarch of Constantinople was a heretic, and broke communion with him as well as the entire church that he represented”. However, this wasn’t the only action made by Humbert that contributed to the schism. That same year, the legates entered the church of Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy and placed a papal bull of excommunication on the alter. This created mutual excommunication between the Eastern and Western churches and the
Soon after this they switched to greek as the official language and supporting greek studies. The downfall of the byzantine empire is solely because of the involvement in the Crusades, also known as the holy war. This holy war was against the Turks mounted in central Asia, however, the Pope had started the Crusade even though politically they should have not created them. The first crusade was a mild success with Alexios asking Pope Urban II for help to expand eastward to stifle the muslim rule. Of course Urban had seen this as a two birds with one stone kind of deal by knocking out
Allen Cutler’s journal article delves in to the concept of military conflict and conversion to Christianity during the First Crusade. The author states that it was the intent of Pope Urban II who inherited his interest in crusading against Muslims from Pope Gregory VII, to Christianize Muslims, by words and example. There have been those who have argued Urban II had no interest in conversion, but Allen, counters their assumptions by presenting three document sources that imply that during Urban’s speech at Clermont he broached the subject of conversion, by referring to the Turks as “a race utterly alienated from God.” Allen surmises that Urban the implication is they were not “converted to Christianity” and therefore conversion was foremost on Pope Urban’s mind. The Pope also wanted to reinstall papal
Consequently, his Ninety-Five Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, which challenged the church monarchy and helped split Christianity in two: Catholic and Protestant. As a result, a domino effect, which surpassed religion, led to change within European polities that facilitated a “divided Christian Europe” (Lecture 7, January
In 1095 on November 27 in Clermont,France, Pope Urban the II called for a Crusade to help the Byzantines and free the city of Jerusalem. The official start date was set as August 15, 1096. This order little did he know would be the cause of a battle that turned into 9 war’s that last for nearly 200 years. This event in history clearly has a outcome that is way more negative than positive. Have you ever imagined being in the middle of a 200 year war people dropping like flies just because of an argument over one city?
Long story short they elected a new French pope and Urban refuses to abdicate. Clement 7th takes up his papal roles in Avignon and Urban remains in Rome, this is the beginning of the Great Western Schism. The Cardinals solution to this fiasco is to elect another Pope Martin the 5th in 1415. Two ecumenical councils were held to untangle the mess created and the council of Constantine was the most
Eastern orthodox was a reason Europe was split politically at the time of the middle ages • The Pope was seen as the highest authority figure besides the king decision in the political aspects of Western Europe. • In the eastern part of Europe they didn’t have a religious leader that was seen with high authority compared to the Western Europe’s religion.
Once Constantine became Emperor, he created freedom of Religion. Constantine was an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan, partially because he had converted to Christianity a year before the Edict of Milan was signed and agreed to. The Edict of Milan was a document, created in 313, that granted tolerance toward Christianity. The document had benefits for Christians, which legalized their
This excommunication was provoked through the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome (Western)
Disagreements between the churches and whom lead those churches lead to great conflict between
In the year 1054, the Catholic Church had issues within the different parts of it. As these issues continued to pose a bigger problem, the church finally decided that it needed to separate and become different churches so that they could each conduct and run the church like they wanted to. The two branches of the Catholic Church that were feuding around this time were the Latin portion of the church, later known as Roman Catholics, and the Greek part, which were eventually known as the Orthodox Church. As we take a look back at these two branches of the Catholic Church, the differences and problems that they had with one another will be shown by evidence found in documents relating to the incidents and troubles that caused the church to have
Latin was the official language of the Catholic Church. In the Byzantine Empire, people practiced a different sect of Christianity. In 1054 CCE, an event called the Great Schism had occurred which split the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Roman Catholic Church. A patriarch
Diocletian tormented many of the Christians until they perished (Alchin). After about three hundred years, it became easier for the Christians. Constantine, the emperor of Rome at the time, converted to Christianity. This resulted in the end of the persecutions and the beginning of Christendom. In the year 313, Constantine issued to Edict of Milan.
Another significant similarity in the spread and development of these beliefs is that both faiths would experience a split that would change history forever. In 1054, a combination of political tension, theological differences, and leadership disputes between Rome and Constantinople caused what become known as the “Great Schism”. The Great Schism created two separate churches, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. These two churches remained under a state of excommunication from 1054 until 1965 when the leaders of the two churches finally agreed to meet and resume dialogue after
The Church dominated politics throughout the Middle Ages. It is clear from reading numerous primary sources that the Church was the sole guidance of people throughout the Middle Ages. This essay will discuss the factors and events that led to the rise of the Church in the Middle Ages and the change in politics from this time. It is evident from reading various sources from the course that the Church and the State were closely linked and that this bond was formed from the early outset of the Middle Ages, at the time of the Roman Empire. The object of this essay is to research primary sources from this time to demonstrate the progression of the Church and politics in the Middle Ages.
His believe that the Son cannot be the same as the Father as in the substance or be as one did not sit comfortable with him, and for this others would call what he was describing as heresy. In the summative I can go into more detail of this. The council of Nicea, as mentioned before brought a huge gathering of bishops and during the gathering they confirmed the condemnation of Arius. This is the point when they put forward the creed of the church but Constantine added homoousios on advice from Hosius.