The Christian Church During The Middle Ages

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When one generally thinks of the Middle Ages they picture stone castles, violent wars, and courageous knights. However, he or she may be surprised to learn that the single most influential institution during this era was the Christian Church. Not only did the church serve to give people spiritual guidance, but it also served as the government as well; it was the spiritual community of Christian believers waiting for the day of deliverance from a dark, hostile world. Several social conflicts and ideals during this era also directly affected the church. This paper will discuss how the major characteristics of the church during the Middle Ages were ultimately influenced by the Schism between the East and West, the violent Crusades, and the emergence …show more content…

The relations between the East and West were extremely tense throughout the years before the division. They had been long embittered by theological disputes and ecclesiastical differences. In his book Nine Hundred Years, historian Yves Congar describes the continuous tension between the two churches. He writes, “from the earliest centuries, manifold differences between East and West about practically everything evolved in such divergent ways that soon an estrangement began to set, which was hardened by mistrust and mutual ignorance”. For example, the churches of the East and West commonly argued about the Pope’s claim to universal jurisdiction and Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy. Another disagreement between the churches was regarding the source of the Holy Spirit. The Latin West added the word Filioque (“and from the Son”) to the Nicene Creed. This addition of this word to the creed stated that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church strongly rejected this …show more content…

In the 1040s, chaos arose in Southern Italy, which was at the time under Byzantine Rule. Norman warriors invaded and conquered the area and replaced Eastern Greek bishops with Western Latin bishops. This change in language ultimately created confusion among the people. As stated in The Catholic Encyclopedia, “It is difficult to conceive this detail [change in language] as a cause of estrangement, but it is undoubtedly true that many misunderstandings arose and grew, simply because people could not understand one another”. As mentioned earlier, when Patriarch Constantinople Michael Cerularius heard that the Normans were preventing Greek customs, he ordered the closure of all Latin Churches in Constantinople in 1054. However, Cerularius’ orders were only the beginning of the final rupture. In his book, Church History, Justo L. Gonzalez writes, “The final break took place in the year 1054, when Cardinal Humbert, representing the Pope, declared that the Patriarch of Constantinople was a heretic, and broke communion with him as well as the entire church that he represented”. However, this wasn’t the only action made by Humbert that contributed to the schism. That same year, the legates entered the church of Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy and placed a papal bull of excommunication on the alter. This created mutual excommunication between the Eastern and Western churches and the

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