Outline the similarities and differences between the Single Index Model (SIM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Justify which of the two models makes a better assessment of return of a security (25 marks).
To reduce a firm’s specific risk or residual risk a portfolio should have negative covariance or rather it should have no variance at all, for large portfolios however calculating variance requires greater and sophisticated computing power. As such, Index models greatly decrease the computations needed to calculate the optimum portfolio. The use of such Index models also eliminates illogical or rather absurd results. The Single Index model (SIM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are such models used to calculate the optimum
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Lintner further explained that CAPM predicts a tradeoff between systematic risk known as beta and expected return under specific conditions CAPM makes correct forecast about expected return as shown by the formulae below;
E(Ri) = Rf + beta-of-i (Rm - Rf)
Similarities
Both the SIM and CAPM represent market movement of stock. They both further focus on the balanced relationship between the risk and expected return on risky assets. Even the functional form for the expected return is similar for both the two models.
The alpha as show by the symbol α found in both formulae highlights a similarity between the two models. The alpha or the abnormal return of stock of a portfolio is the average of the alphas of the individual securities. For large portfolios the average will be zero, because within the portfolio some stocks have positive alphas whereas some have negative alphas. The average of firm-specific risk diminishes toward zero as the number of securities in the portfolio is increased. Diminishing of risk towards zero is as a result of diversification, which can reduce firm-specific risk. Diversification does not however reduce market risk, to
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The Single Index Model leads to a simplification of the portfolio choice model because of the additional assumption that the idiosyncratic components of return are independent across stocks. The market portfolio in the CAPM is not the same as a "market index." In fact, if you use a market index such as the S&P 500 in the single-index model, it is quite unlikely that it will coincide with the tangency portfolio identified by the CAPM. This will become readily apparent when you use the single-index model to analyze real-world data.
The Single Index Model also greatly reduces the computations, since it eliminates the need to calculate the covariance of the securities within a portfolio using historical returns and the covariance of each possible pair of securities in the portfolio. With this equation, only the betas of the individual securities and the market variance need to be estimated to calculate covariance. Hence, the index model greatly reduces the number of calculations that would otherwise have to be made for a large portfolio of thousands of
1. Describe the need for Capital Purchase. One significant capital cost for any department is a ladder truck. My example will outline some of the steps to replace an existing and aging ladder truck overdue for replacement according to pre-determined department policies and NFPA Standards.
This is the measurement of the levels of investor confidence which influences the value of a firm in the
Which none of that has happened so far; the disappearance of the “Too-big-to-fail” institutions has not occurred yet. While big banks have just gotten
The capital business sector is the business sector for securities, where organizations and the legislature can raise long haul stores. The capital business sector incorporates the stock exchange what 's more, the security market. Money related controllers, for example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, direct the capital markets in their individual nations to guarantee that financial specialists are ensured against extortion. The capital markets comprise of the essential business sector, where new issues are appropriate to financial specialists, and the optional business sector, where existing securities are exchanged. (n.d.).
Filled with prosperity and growth, everyone thought the twenties were the start of a great run for the United States. Dr. Dice, a business professor at Ohio State University, predicted that the stock market would continue to gain in the near future, more than ever before (Document 6). But, he went on to say that it would eventually collapse. Not only did he know that it cannot continue to grow forever, but he realized that small investors have begun to take part in the game of stock. He saw that such investors would add to the vulnerability of the market.
An overall outlook on efficiency in financial markets can be defined as the correct goods being made for the correct people at the correct price(Adomait and Maranta 155). Market failure is highly related to financial markets because market failures happen in financial markets when the opportunity costs are strictly financial instead of also including personal preferences(Adomait and Maranta 155). Since firms tend to buy for cheap and sell for expensive, a spillover occurs(Adomait and Maranta 133). A spillover is an economic event in one context that
According to Michael McDonald, PhD, and Assistant Professor in Finance at
A) We 'd rather spend our money on blue-chip stocks, than speculate on pork bellies. B) There is no need to prune,
The main difference between these two
The Single Index model (SIM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are such models used to calculate the optimum portfolio. Sharpe (1963) defined SIM as an asset pricing model which is purely arithmetical. The returns on a security can be represented as a linear relationship with any economic variable relevant to the security, for example in stocks the single factor is the market return. According to Sharpe the Single index model for return on stocks is shown by the formulae shown below; Rs-Rf = α + β (Rm- Rf) +ε. α or alpha represents abnormal returns for stock.
Systematic risks effects large classes of assets such as inflation whereas unsystematic risk effects unique classes of assets such as strikes or shortages that are industry specific. Additionally, as the chapter pointed out that with diversification unsystematic risk can be eliminated whereas systematic
Consider one of the most influential theories in behavioral finance, Prospect Theory, which is developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky with their published paper in 1979, investors value gains and losses differently. Losses have more emotional impact to investors than an equivalent amount of gains. Prospect theory states that people are risk-averse in the domain of gains and risk-seeking in the domain of losses; according to a more specific behavior pattern (fourfold pattern of risk, Tversky & Kahneman, 1992), people are risk-averse for gains with high probability but risk-seeking for gains with low probability, while people are risk-seeking for losses with high probability but risk-averse for losses with low probability (Tversky & Kahneman,
Efficiency of financial markets is one of the fundamental issues in finance. The central idea of market efficiency is that market prices of securities represent true value of securities. All relevant information is immediately reflected in the prices causing abnormal profit making impossible in the market. The efficient market hypothesis further implies that prices will move randomly that makes prediction of prices extremely difficult. Efficient market hypothesis requires that investors will be rational and have homogenous expectation.
As a result, an asset mix of 30/60/10 would produce the lowest CTE(95) within 10% difference to mean. In the event of optimistic market, since the outcome is favorable and the worst-case scenario is unlikely, a CTE(75) could be a sufficient asset mix. In fact, at CTE(75), an asset mix of 0/70/20 offers the lowest CTE and highest return as a result of higher expected return from equities. In Conclusion, the optimal asset class for Treasuries/Bonds/Equities could be attained at 15/70/15 splits.