Psych 101

At the time the physician removed parts of his hippocampus as a way to stop his seizures. HM seizures went away, but he could not form any new memories. However, one form of memory left intact in both HM and Leonard is the ability to learn skills. This ability is known as procedural memory, a memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection (Kalat, 1998), it allows us to learn how to do things such as ride a bike or play an instrument. The areas of the brain outside of the hippocampus are involved in procedural memory, which is why an injury that results in anterograde amnesia doesn't affect procedural memory.

Anterograde amnesia is when patients can remember new non-declarative (implicit) memories, but have a shortfall when forming new declarative (explicit) memories. Further,

This can be done through repetition, relating it to information already known and organising information into meaningful units (Tangen & Borders 2017, p. 103). The long-term memory is a permanent supply of learnt

In that situation, a question will arise from that where all this information come from; all this information about the world originates in storage memory, which retains the episodic knowledge such as color, places, location, etc., and it can be discriminate whether these are the familiar or recollected (Henson, et al., 1999). In addition, source memory sometimes plays a critical role in the following episode, and it supplies the related knowledge and identifies details about the specific event or otherwise; it helps to find out when and how particular knowledge of is obtained (Slotnick, et al., 2003; Addante, et al., 2002). Another point is explained by Cansino, et al. (2002) and Allan et al.

As evidenced by studies of both animals and humans, current research demonstrates the existence of different brain areas for multiple memory systems and more specifically, the fundamental differences between declarative and nondeclarative memory systems.declarative memory is the conscious aspect of long term memory while nondeclarative is the unconscious aspect of it. the functional independence between the declarative and nondeclarative systems are best supported by studies of dissociation. neuroimaging of patients with with Parkinsons disease and patients with anterograte amnesia demonstrates the double dissociation within the long-term memory systems. Amnesia is the failure to form new long term memories. Amnesic patients exhibited normal learning of the task, but had no explicit knowledge of the training event, whereas Parkinsons disease patients exhibited

Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. It is our capacity to retain information over time period. It is a crucial aspect of our cognition, if we did not possess memory, we would not be able to remember the past, retain new information, solve problems or plan for the future. Philosophers and psychologists have tried to define memory from different perspectives and the way memories are stored.

In addition there are process to get from one to the other. The first stage is sensory memory and the process is called encoding in which you experience a sight whether it is sight, smell, touch, taste, or hearing and processes the information in your brain. This stage last for less than a second. The next stage is short-term memory and the process to move information from your short-term memory to your long-term memory is called encoding. To encode the sensory information you have to actively think about it to retain the information.

Memory is a fascinating and marvelous thing that we surely take for granted as it is an unconscious task performed by our brain. It is insanely powerful and enables us to remember all sorts of matters without much effort. From memorizing the material

Many psychologists are interested in the study of memory processes. Memory processes include encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding and storage are the first parts of the memory process; when an individual sees, hears, feels, smells or taste something, the brain will convert that idea so that it can be stored in the brain as a memory. Retrieval refers to the process of remembering a memory that was previously encoded and stored in the brain. Research on memory processes is related to cognitive psychology.

Encoding involves adapting information so that it can be placed in memory; To do this, we use visual, acoustic and semantic codes. Storage is the maintenance of information over time. There are two ways to attempt to store information in one’s memory, maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal is mental repetition to retain information and elaborate rehearsal is when we relate new information to information we already know, to store it in our memory.

Scientists are nowhere near being able to figure out what memory is. They know that it all happens in the brain, and they have even discovered which parts of the brain work with which memories, but they are unsure what makes them. Take a visual memory for instance. You might have had a bad run in with a dog as a child. In your mind you see the dog dart towards you and you flinch right before it bites.

Psychologists today would describe the human memory as a complex system. Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding is the processing of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of encoded information over time. Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Short term memory is something that we rehearse overtime so we wouldn’t forget the details, so we keep it active and available for a short period of time (Medin, et, al, 2001). It is popular known as working memory nowadays, working memory is a immediate and brief memory of information that one currently processing (Matlin, 2009). Long term memory is a process that is responsible in storing information in our ‘archive’ that we keep for a long period of time (Goldstein, 2011). Our long term is divided into two categories which is explicit which holds to events and facts and also implicit which is procedural and other (Galotti, ) For long term memory it is consists of three parts, which is storage, coding and retrieve.

Memory: the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, etc., (memory, n.d.). It constructs and shapes an individual’s identity, and without it, an empty shell would only remain. The ability to store and remember ranges differently in every person, from those who can never recall the last second of their day to those who are of the equivalent to a human encyclopedia. Yet why do these variations in space exists if the brain structurally looks the same in most individuals? What are the factors that shape and play role as to how one retains so much material?

One of the fundamental area of cognition studied by researchers is memory. There are several aspects of information processing in reference to explains on how the brain encodes or control information as it stored