SOPHIA COLLEGE
Protein-DNA Interaction
MAYUR GAIKWAD
05/05/2015
INTRODUCTION
Protein–DNA interactions play a major role in all fields of genetics from regulation and transcription of individual genes to repair of damaged sequences, even to the stabilization of DNA in chromatin and the replication of entire genomes. It is estimated that 2–3% of prokaryotic and 6–7% of eukaryotic genes code for DNA-binding proteins. Additionally, many of these proteins do not merely bind DNA, but also interact with other proteins and sometimes, as is shown in the example of RNA polymerase, only display theirfull activity when organized in multimeric complexes.
SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC DNA BINDING
Protein recognition of specific sequences on the DNA double
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One of the great challenges of systems biology is to translate and summarize this vast amount of information in so-called regulatory networks that can be simulated in computational models . The long-term goal is to be able to simulate and ultimately predict the responses of cells and organism to a changing environment. In order to construct regulatory networks, the system can be divided into three organizational levels. The lowest level is represented by the interactions of one single element (transcription factor) with its target DNA promoter . This interaction can either activate or repress the expression of the downstream gene(s). In many, but not all, cases is the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor itself that is regulated, for instance by binding of a small molecule or even a single atom such as iron. The next level is composed of certain network motifs where the single transcriptions factor is part of a regulatory module. Three examples of such motifs are depicted in Fig. 24.9 B. The single-input module (SIM) consists of one transcription factor that controls a number of genes. The feed-forward loop (FFL) is represented by one transcription factor that activates the expression of another transcription factor. Regulons are characterized by several transcription …show more content…
The great importance of these interactions stems from the fact that DNA-binding transcription factors are central switches of a cell’s regulatory network. The transcription factor SRY, for instance, is sufficient to trigger the development of the male sex. Mutations in the protein can lead to a sex change of affected embryos. A number of hormone receptors like the glucocorticoid or estrogen receptor are zinc finger proteins, which play an important part in hormone-controlled metabolism. Finally, cancer can also be caused by mutated transcription factors. The proteins Jun and Fos are well-studied leucine zipper proteins that do not only have to bind the correct promoter sequences, but can only fulfill this physiological function as a Jun/Fos protein complex. These proteins are of great medical importance since mutations in the underlying genes have been linked to the development of certain
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Science 1. Free ears in dogs are controlled by dominant allele (F), and attached ears are controlled by the recessive allele (f). In addition, Short dogs is due to a dominant allele(S), and long hair is due to a recessive allele (s). Which of the following is the genotype of the dogs with free ears and short hair? a. ffss b. FfSs c. ffSs d. Ffss 2.
Objective Bio160 Lab 5: Enzyme Activity May 7, 2015 The objective of this experiment was to note the effect of temperature effects on enzyme rates of reaction. Enzymes are macromolecules that make up significant portions of living organisms. They are made up of repeating subunits of monomers that are referred to as polymers.
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Mutations in the sequence can prevent a gene from being recognized. There is also a relationship between epigenetics and
The same region is also amplified on both chromosomes, however they are different sizes, which are then put into gel
A group of 3 nucleotides is called codons. Each codon on the mRNA molecule matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a tRNA molecule. The tRNA anti-codon attaches to the mRNA codon. Then, the larger subunit of the ribosome disconnects an amino acid from a corresponding tRNA molecule and adds it to the growing protein chain. When the mRNA is completely decoded a protein is made
DNA is framed of a twofold stranded nucleic acids. DNA invests the majority of the energy in a state that is long and contrasted with different things fragile and flimsy. The DNA amid cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is looped around proteins to make Chromatin. This procedure makes DNA littler in volume and reinforces the DNA to permit mitosis and meiosis. Chromatin is then further wound utilizing gear that holds things not yet decided proteins to make hereditary data stockpiling regions, which may then be duplicated and isolated amid cell division.
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The sequence of the bases provides the information, so the DNA is like the hard
The life on our planet exists in various forms which are presented in all possible colors, shapes and sizes; however, none of these would be even possible without the complexity of a tool designed by nature which allows different species of living organisms to cohabit the Eartha for millenniums. In other words, we would not be able to observe the beauty of nature, painted in such vivid colors nor there would be us without involvedness of DNA. Today we know that the DNA molecule is responsible for genetic information to be passed on to the next generation of all living forms so that it remains its existence with the functions and abilities of its ancestors which are necessary for survival. The complexity of the DNA molecule is truly one of the most captivating subjects to study, because the knowledge of DNA and its functions opens the door to our
They are composed of a long double stranded (kilobases). The double strand telomere sequence are linked to specific place on the DNA (telomeric repeat binding factor 1- TRF1, and telomeric repeat binding factor 2 – TRF2). The TRF2 is very important for protection and the loop conformation.
And therefore genes are section of DNA containing information that will code for production of a protein. The sequence of bases in the DNA is referred
The purpose of this review to provides the brief overview about HIF transcription factor, its regulation in normoxic condition and hypoxic condition and the current trend in HIF system how to inhibit the protein-protein interaction in HIF