There are many approaches within psychology that study the influence of sex differences in human behaviours such as, behavioural, cognitive and biological approaches. There are many factors within each approach that contribute and influence the development of sex differences in human behaviours. Within biological psychology, there are many factors that combine to influence the difference between the sexes, such as genetics and hormones and brain structure and function. Research methods used by biological psychologists to investigate these differences involve methods such as animal and case studies, drug therapy, twin studies and scans (MRI, PET, CAT). Although there are many different approaches to studying sex differences, within each approach, …show more content…
(Lutchmaya, Baron-Cohen, and Raggatt, 2002), conducted a study to investigate whether eye contact in 12-month-old children was related to prenatal testosterone level. The aims of the study were to see if there were sex differences in the amount of eye contact made by the child and the child's foetal testosterone level. For the study, the amount of eye contact made between 70 children and one of their parents was observed. The results observed in this study showed that girls made more eye contact than the boys did with the parent, this supports other research that girls are more sociable than boys (Cahill & Maccoby, 1999). The results also suggested that foetal testosterone may shape the mechanisms that are underlying in social behaviour. (Lutchmaya, Baron-Cohen, and Raggatt, 2002) The study showed a significant relationship between lack of eye contact in males and high levels of foetal testosterone, as the testosterone level increased, eye contact decreased. There was no significant relationship found between eye contact and foetal testosterone levels among the female children in the study. The findings from this study have been able to support earlier findings that sex differences are present in early age development, the study has also demonstrated that the amount of eye contact does vary with levels of foetal testosterone for both …show more content…
The research that has been conducted so far from biology psychologists has shown that many of the functions in the body such as sex hormones and the brains structure and function can affect human behaviour. Studies into the sex differences in behaviour from a biological perspective have also shown a relationship between genetics and human behaviour.
Although there are significant studies showing the contributions of biology-psychology to the understanding of sex differences in behaviour. Previous studies in this field have also highlighted the contributions made to sex differences in human behaviour from other approaches such as behavioural, cultural and social. These other factors have been shown to contribute just as much to the sex difference in behaviour such as social and environmental explanations (Weissman,
In the essay “Even Nine-Month-Olds Choose Gender-Specific Toys,” Jennifer Goodwin acknowledges the possibility of gender being innate, as a research showed that “even 1-day-old boys spent longer looking at moving, mechanical options than 1-day-girls, who spent more time looking at faces” (89). However, she claims that even actions this early in life may already be influenced by the parents’ different treatments, which start almost instantly after their child is born. Goodwin states that, even when their children are still infants, parents tend to show more affection towards girl than boys, who are dealt with in a more active and playful manner, which could explain the findings of the research mentioned. This difference in treatments is later
Engendering the Brain written by Melissa Hines provides an insight of hormonal influences and implications on brain gender. The chapter begins with explaining the differences between gender difference and sex difference, and explains the psychological factors responsible for brain gender. It describes the role of hormones in the genetic development of individuals and their sexual differentiation. It illustrates a list of hormones, such as testosterone and DHT, which are responsible for sex-related characteristics. Furthermore, the chapter gives an account of how the gonadal hormone plays a crucial role in the development of human brain and human behavior.
Reproductive behaviour can fall under either Nature or Nurture
The main issues to be tackled address the similarities and differences regarding male and female capacity to exert control over the others and upon themselves, be it physical or mental. The conducted
When Gender Theory is applied, several points can be supported,
In my placement at the private nursery, there are identical twins of around 2 years – they have just began to see that they are separate people by recognising that they have different names and are different people. When they first commenced at nursery they didn’t recognise themselves as separate children. Evidence of increased self awareness is the change in a child’s language to using ‘I’, ‘me’ and ‘mine’. As part of self-awareness, a child’s sex concept begins to develop between 2 and 5 years. Toddlers begin to play with gender stereotyped toys, such as dolls and cars, etc.
Although some inherent distinctions between the sexes exist, Orenstein mentions Eliot’s findings on neuroplasticity to suggest that nurture supersedes nature in determining a child’s behavior. A child is most impressionable during the earliest stages of life, when his or her brain is still developing. That is why learning various concepts such as language, for example, is most easily acquired before the age of puberty. Thus, an individual’s upbringing is fundamental in the development of traits and therefore, gender
These traits should not be associated with one specific gender as these traits is as likely to be shown by
The study does not show if females act in the same way and conform hence or if this dispositional factor to behavior only applies to men. A limitation with both studies is also that situational and dispositional factors often go hand in hand as factors of why people behave as they do and neither of these researches take this into account. In conclusion, situational and dispositional factors explain behavior through the impact of the environment, situation, social surroundings and mood, personal traits and opinions, respectively.
According to science, biological differentiations between women and men seem to define the differences in women and men’s interest in
According to sexologists John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, sex and gender are separate categories. “Sex, they argued, refers to physical attributes and is anatomically and physiologically determined. Gender they saw as a psychological transformation - the internal conviction that one is either male or female (gender identity) and the behavioral expressions of that conviction” (Sterling 4). Although there are biological differences between the two sexes, but gender roles are socially constructed. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, behave and interact with society.
Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes are all connected in the developmental task of a baby smiling at his or her mother’s touch. Biological processes produce changes in an individual’s physical nature. Cognitive processes bring changes to the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language. Socioemotional processes include changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions and changes in personality. For the baby, the biological process has to do with the physical touch by the mother and the baby’s
The first year of a child’s life is spent communicating entirely through nonverbal means. Infants use every part of their bodies to convey their wants and needs as their parents and early childhood educators respond to meet them. Examples of this are reflexes, such as opening their mouths when hungry. Also, crying and whole body movements to demonstrate feelings. Another way that is interesting in infant nonverbal communication is allowing infants to play with each other.
The article states that, “Chronologically, another important contribution was Maccoby and Jacklin’s (1974) book, The Psychology of Sex Differences. This book presented an unparalleled synthesis of research findings on gender differences in development” (para. 9). It highlights that within-gender differences are often larger than those between the genders (a point still lost in many of the popularized beliefs held today) (Para. 9). This quote explains that the way a girl or a boy looks at the opposite gender, may not be the way the opposite gender looks at itself.
Every culture has different guidelines about what is suitable for males and females and family members may socialize babies in gendered ways without consciously following that path. For example, in a modern society, the colour pink is associated with girls and the colour blue with boys. Even as tiny babies, boys and girls are dressed differently according to what is considered ‘appropriate’ to the respective sexes. Even parents who strive to achieve a less ‘gendered’ parenting style unconsciously reinforce gender roles. A family structure acts as the most important agent of gender socialization for children and adolescents as it serves as the centre of a child’s life.