Grignard Reaction Lab Report

In our experiment, we are trying to identify the types of dyes used in M&M’s versus skittles using chromatography. Chromatography is a group of techniques used to separate the various components in a complex mixture or solution. Chromatography was invented by a Russian botanist named Mikhail Tsvet. He used column chromatography to study plant pigments, but it became clearer that this technique can be used to separate many complex homogeneous mixtures. In every chromatography structure there is basically a mobile phase and a stationary phase.

This study was conducted with a partner, since some parts of the experiment were able to be done simultaneously. One partner prepared a TLC developing jar by pouring a small layer of 4:1:1 propanol/acetic acid/water into a developing jar. A solvent wick was made by wetting a piece of filter with the solvent, and it was placed in the jar. A silica coated TLC plate was obtained, and a spotting line was carefully drawn approximately 1.5 cm from the bottom of the plate using a pencil. Extra care was taken to not touch the plate with bare skin.

The data observed and recorded in this lab shows that the concentration of miracle gro’ does affect the growth rate and germination speed of black eyed peas. The data is shown through two graphs and two data tables. The control group in this experiment is the seeds with a 0% concentration of miracle gro’, therefore the seeds with just water. The experimental groups are different concentrations of miracle gro’ including a 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% concentration. The variable in this experiment is the amount/concentration of miracle gro’.

The light then breaks into parallel lines. The grating allows us to see the colors in the spectrum. We can measure the light using the spectroscope grid template. Exercise 2: Using the Spectroscope Questions A. Describe the similarities and differences between the spectra of incandescent light and fluorescent light. Use your results in Data Table 1 to explain your answer.

The purpose of this experiment was to isolate the three components of Excedrin using column chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine when each of the components had been fully eluted from the column. If there was an overlap in fractions between two components, liquid- liquid extraction was done to separate them. The compounds were characterized via NMR instrumentation and the percent recovery for each compound was calculated to determine whether the isolation was

TLC was used to identify the actual unknown product as well as other products/reactants present in the filtered solution. The procedure was conducted by placing a TLC plate in a developing chamber that is filled with a small amount of solvent. The solvent cannot be too polar because it will cause spotted compounds on the TLC plate to rise up too fast, while a very non-polar solvent will not allow the spots to move. The polarity of the spots also determines how far it moves on the plate; non-polar spots are higher than polar ones. After spots on the TLC form, the Rf values are calculated and used to analyze the similarity of the compounds.

Bacterium growth on various agar plates Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to show different agar plates inhibit or enable growth of different organisms. Some varieties of media enable the grow of a wide range of organisms such as nutrient agar. Other media are selective which means they contain specific nutrients to encourage the growth of certain organisms. This means other organisms will die due to the selective nutrients such as high concentration of salt which will cause plasmolysis.

Typical applications pertain to the quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of food composition, natural products, food additives, flavor and aroma components, a variety of transformation products, and contaminants, such as pesticides, fumigants, environmental pollutants, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and packaging materials. And particular food applications involving GC, such as carbohydrates and amino acids. Lipids and accompanying lipophilic compounds. flavors and aroma. GC can be used for the direct separation and analysis of gaseous samples, liquid solutions, and volatile solids.

chromatography is meant those process which allow the resolution of mixtures by effecting separation of some or all their components in concentrated zone on or in phase different from those in which they are originally present , irrespective of the nature of the force or forces causing the substances to remove from one phase to another . ’’ (Williams et al, 1952) In this chromatography consists in applying a small drop of solution that is containing the substances to be separated to a strip of filter / chromatography paper short distances from one end(Figure 2) . The drop is allowed to dry , and the end of the paper nearest to the spots are placed in the developing solution , usually a water-containing organic solvent , so that the solvent flows past “spot” by capillary action and on down the length of the paper( Figure 1, 3) (Block, Durrum and

This technique causes the paper to stick to towards the plate and keeps materials passing under the paper during filtration. Before doing this

The Wittig reaction is valuable reaction. It has unique properties that allows for a carbon=carbon double bond to form from where a C=O double bond used to be located. Creating additional C=C double bonds is valuable due to its use in synthesis. The Wittig reaction will allow the synthesis of Stilbene (E and Z) from a Benzaldehyde (Ketcha, 141).

The developing solution was poured into a tank and was tightly covered with a glass lid, and the tank was allowed to be saturated to ensure that the solution was equilibrated in the gas phase. Silica plate for TLC analysis: A horizontal line was drawn with a pencil on the plate and it was about 1 cm above the bottom of the plate. The horizontal line was drawn faintly so as to avoid damaging the silica gel on the plate. On the horizontal line, two marks were made and one was named A and the other B. These marks were made towards the centre of the plate at a distance apart because when spots are made at the edge of a plate, the result would be an improper travel of the samples as the solvent advances on the plate.

Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy is simply the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule. During infrared spectroscopy we observe transitions between vibrational energy levels of a molecule by the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation. IR spectroscopy is the powerful and analytical tool in identification, estimation, and structure determination of compounds and being able to identify the various vibrational modes of a molecule. When a molecule absorb IR radiations, the vibrations or rotations within a molecule must cause a change in the dipole moment of the molecule.

DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE ETHANOL IN BEVERAGES 1. Introduction to Gas Chromatography Gas chromatography is a very powerful separation technique for compounds that are reasonably volatile. The components of a sample partitions into two phases, the 1st of these phases is a immobile bed with a great surface area, and the other is a gas phase that permeates through the immobile bed. The sample is evaporated and passed by the mobile gas phase or the carrier gas through the column. Samples separates into the stationary liquid phase, based on their solubilities at the given temperature.

Different rays have different wavelengths as shown in fig 1. So, before the experimentation one should know the specific wavelength of a particular radiation ii. Light refraction and image magnification Light is refracted when it enters from a medium of light into glass. When a light bends while passing through a lens, then light rays are focused at a point that particular point is known as Focal point and due to which a larger image of the object is observed.