In the presence of a nucleophile and good leaving group, an organic reactant in specific conditions is likely to undergo a chemical reaction, namely, nucleophilic substitution. Nucleophilic substitution consists of two different mechanisms, SN1 and SN2. In this experiment, SN2 is the mechanism tested. SN2 is a relatively fast, one-step mechanism in which the nucleophile attacks the organic reactant and the leaving group diverges from the reactant to become a weak base (Fig. 1). The overall speed of the reaction can increase based on the size or basicity of the nucleophile, or the bulkiness of the carbon group with the leaving group. On the other hand, SN1 is the multi-step, slow mechanism, relative to SN2. The environment of the organic reactant
C4564 Description: IC50: 3-AP is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity. Ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo DNA synthesis, is an excellent target for chemotherapy. Its increased activity in cancer cells is associated with malignant transformation and proliferation.
Cadet Eric Wiggins Date: 18 September 2014 Course Name: Chem 100 Instructor: Captain Zuniga Section: M3A Identification of a Copper Mineral Intro Minerals are elements or compounds that are created in the Earth by geological processes. The method of isolating metals in a compound mineral is normally conducted through two processes.
Double Replacement Lab Report Date Completed: October 8, 2015 Objective To analyze and determine if a chemical reaction occurred between two compounds using the concepts we learned in class. Also, if the chemical reaction occurred, to determine if it formed a precipitate or gas. Safety General Safety Precautions: Do not touch the chemicals Use of gloves and coats are recommended, use of goggles should be required Keep the work area clean Dispose of the chemicals properly, DO NOT dispose them in the sink Clean up your work station Wash your hand before and after the lab Make sure all chemicals are labeled correctly NEVER return chemicals to reagent bottles Use the wafting technique to smell the chemical Clean up spills immediately
ABSTRACT NRC-04, a novel antimicrobial peptide derived from skin mucous secretions of flat fish winter flounder, shows a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In order to understand the conformational change of NRC-04 in different types of membrane, our team did experiments on NRC-04 with negatively charged bacterial surface membrane mimetic micelles sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS), zwitterionic eukaryotic middle membrane mimetic micelles dodecylphosphocholine(DPC), gram-negative bacteria outer membrane mimetic micelles Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and bacterial inner membrane mimetic micelles 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol(POPG). Fluorescence test shows that the C-terminus tryptophan residue of NRC-04 interacts with the hydrophobic
The lab started off by measuring critical materials for the lab: the mass of an an empty 100 mL beaker, mass of beaker and copper chloride together(52.30 g), and the mass of three iron nails(2.73 g). The goal of this experiment is to determine the number of moles of copper and iron that would be produced in the reaction of iron and copper(II) chloride, the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and the percent yield of copper produced. 2.00 grams of copper(II) chloride was added in the beaker to mix with 15 mL of distilled water. Then, three dry nails are placed in the copper(II) chloride solution for approximately 25 minutes. The three nails have to be scraped clean by sandpaper to make the surface of the nail shiny; if the nails are not clean, then some unknown substances might accidentally mix into the reaction and cause variations of the result.
The presence of macromolecules is able to be detected in solutions such as glucose, sucrose, starch, and proteins as well as other common foods. These other common foods include oats, soda, gelatin, and apple juice. There are four classes of macromolecules such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and proteins. Each of these can be found using different tests such as the Benedict’s test, the Iodine test, or the Biuret test. Although there is no specific test for disaccharides it can be determined if the original color has not changed.
Title: Exploring Reaction Rates Authors: Lauren Parker*, Serah Wiedenhoefer ( * - Primary Author)
“Diazotization of L-phenylalanine results in the unstable aliphatic diazonium salt 2, which is believed to undergo a rapid, intramolecular SN2 reaction to give the highly strained R-lactone (3) (3)”. “In a second, slower, intermolecular SN2 reaction, 3 reacts with the solvent (water) to open the lactone and yield the final product, (S)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (4)”. “Because this process occurs with two SN2 reactions, the final product has a net retention of configuration”. “This reaction has the added advantage of being environmentally friendly: the reaction is run in aqueous solution, using a safe amino acid and generates no hazardous waste requiring disposal”. “This experiment illustrates some important chemical concepts, including: Water solubility dependence on the state of ionization of a compound, Stereospecificity of the SN2 reaction, Measurement of optical activity, Effect of diastereotopic protons in the 1 H NMR spectrum”.
Discussion The purpose of this lab was to properly prepare a Grignard reagent from an unknown aryl halide and then to use the prepared Grignard reagent with solid carbon dioxide and an acid quench to form a carboxylic acid. Organometallics are compounds that have a carbon bonded to a metal; C-M, where M is any transition metal. In an organometallic, the carbon has a partial negative charge and is considered electron-rich due to the bond with the positively charged metal. Because of this partial negative charge, the carbon acts as a nucleophile and is able to be used in reactions to produce new bonds between carbon atoms by attaching to another carbon that acts as an electrophile.
Steps 3 and 4 are involving the second arm of the mustard and a second molecule of DNA. Ultimately, two molecules
Nucleophilic substitutions involve a reaction between an electron pair donor with an electron pair acceptor. The second type of nucleophilic substitution is called second-order nucleophilic substitution (Sn2). This experiment involves an Sn1 mechanism only. This reaction is considered
A practical step-by-step on how to transcribe and translate DNA sequence DNA transcription and translation are common terms in DNA replication. Therefore, for one to understand and master how to transcribe and translate a particular DNA sequence, one needs to know the meaning of DNA replication, DNA transcription, and DNA translation. DNA replication is defined as the synthesis of daughter DNA from the parental DNA. DNA transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using the DNA template. DNA translation is the process of synthesizing proteins using the messenger RNA (mRNA) as the template.
Nucleophilic additions are possible with C60. The first examples can be found in the addition of organolithium or Grignard compounds, but also the addition of cyanide groups and of hetero-groups containing phosphorous or silicon follow the same route. Nucleophilic additions results in monofunctionalized fullerene and usually occur in a 1,2-addition fashion. As reported by Hirsch, the reaction with nucleophiles starts with the formation of an intermediate NunC60n- that can be later stabilized by the addition of an electrophile (E+) or neutral E-X to give C60(ENu)n, an SNi or internal addition reaction to give methanofulleres and cyclohexenofullerenes, or by oxidation to give C60Nu2.[39] It is to be noticed that, technically, the Bingel-reaction
Ion-paired reverse phase liquid chromatography for the detection, separation and quantification of nucleotides If you are working in the field of molecular biology, there is hardly a day that goes by without the use of nucleotides. But beyond the use of the four well known deoxynucleotides in PCR, there are several other uses of nucleotides. In the field of enzymology, nucleotides are used as substrates of various enzymes. For example, kinases and phosphatases use nucleotides as substrates while phosphotransferases transfer phosphate group from one nucleotide substrate to another. If you want to study the kinetics of such enzymes, you need to quantify either the substrate or the product.
In the process of performing a synthesis that include and aromatic ring there are several characteristics that need to taken into consideration such as, are there any substituents attached to the aromatic ring and if so, the type of substituent is important. Depending on the substituent that is bonded to the aromatic ring affects the position of additional substituents that are added. The substituents that are present on the aromatic ring can be identified as either as activating groups or deactivating groups. Activating groups direct the substituent being added to the ortha or para position, where as the deactivating directs to the meta position (Substituent Effects, n.d). Activating groups are the substituents that act as electron donators;