Monogenic traits associated with structural variants in chicken and horse
Allelic and phenotypic diversity of visually appealing traits
Contents
Introduction 11
Good material is of material importance 12
Genetic variation 15
Chicken combs 16
Melanic pigmentation 17
Equid pigmentation 18
Introduction of papers 20
Paper I 20
Paper II 21
Paper III 23
Discussion 25
The rooster's Rose-comb 25
The strikingly Grey steed 27
Analysis 27
Rate and mode of Greying 27
The disappearing Dun 29
The Dun phenotype 29
Primitive markings and the non-dun horse 30
Differences and similarities 32
Predomestic horse colour 32
Lessons learnt 34
Allelic evolution 34
Exploring variation 35
Materials 37
Phenotyping 38
Conversations with the public 40
Future and reflections 42
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Individuals of the same species may be on the opposite ends of a cline and thus exhibit a pronounced difference in appearance, but one can expect to find a multitude of intermediate forms between the two extremes. Only rarely are there pronounced differences between individuals of a species without intermediate forms being more abundant than the extremes. Perhaps the most commonly observed such difference between individuals of a single animal species is sexual dimorphism, where the sexes differ, for instance in size, colouration or physical morphology, and there is no intermediate form to be found, discounting rare developmental exceptions such as chimeras and intersexed …show more content…
Then, when molecular genetics first emerged, monogenic traits were again in vogue as their inheritance and phenotypic effects had often been well characterised, and their linkage to other monogenic loci had led to the elucidation of linkage groups that were facilitative of molecular analysis. Analogous traits had been discovered in different species, so that when a disruption of a gene was found to cause a phenotypic variant in one species, that particular gene could be examined in other species exhibiting similar phenotypes. This led to a great number of monogenic traits being explained on the molecular level, where the sequence of a gene was in some way altered, resulting in a protein product that was either subtly or radically different from the unaltered form. However, not all monogenic traits immediately offered up easily targeted genes for examination, and were thus not explained on the molecular level in those early
During the 1700s in Washington and Idaho, “Developed by the Nez Perce Indian tribe, the Appaloosa are native American horses”(Animal-World “Appaloosa” 2015). The Nez Perce tribe would pick the the strongest female and male to mate to
The genetics that produce the coloring that qualifies a horse as Regular Registry can hide, or express in minimal coloring, so a Solid Paint Bred could potentially produce more colored foals than a minimal white Regular Registry horse. If that Solid horse were bred to a Regular Registry horse and produced a Solid Paint Bred foal, the second generation horse would not be allowed into Regular Registry classes. Solid Paint Bred horses produced from a single Regular Registry horse and a Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred would not be allowed in Regular Registry classes, either, since their chances of having Paint genetics would be much smaller. This system would allow for a large number of Solid Paint Breds to compete in Regular Registry classes, while still encouraging breeders to remember that their association emphasizes color. This system of different tiers of registration could combine the best of the current system that prioritizes color and other proposed systems that focus on the overall quality of the
Humans can match either race in kind but rarely in degree. 2 Given
From the feral horse to the pickup horse, the gamut of the equine species conveys progressive degrees of a man’s control and dominance over them. It is a gamut of wild to tame, nature to culture (167). The equine species bridge the realms of nature and culture through its capacity for participation in both ends of the spectrum. However, it is important to note the paradox of complete dominance over the animal as a cowboy may feel a sense of personal identification with power and freedom represented by the horse even though the cowboy’s intent is to control that power and
Most of the time, Splashed White patterned horses have blue eyes and little white. The Medicine Hat pattern has a dark cap on the horse’s poll or a shield on its’ chest. People believed these horses carried spiritual protection into battles (Color). In addition, the American Paint Horse comes in numerous colors. Some examples of colors that belong in the Black Family are Blue Roan, Buckskin, Grey, Grullo, and Perlino.
Through each grade of primate we can gain a better understanding of primate evolution. Changes in body structure are especially significant in primates for purposes of
Skin color has created a diverse population in society as we know it. Differences within race among various populations conclude that there was more than one evolutionary event. Today, while we don’t have fossil skin from our African hominin ancestors (Homo erectus), it’s probable that they were dark, as are African populations now. Earlier ancestors may have had lighter skin. Now, take a look at our closest relatives, chimps and gorillas, their skin the actual parts underneath the hair are unpigmented.
Horses are bred for many different things like work, thickness of the body, speed, and color. Quarter horses got their name for being able to sprint fast in a quarter mile. They also are known for their powerful hindquarters. They originated in the United States.
Ever since a young age, I have been around horses; however, most of my time is spent with my paint horse. My paint horse is a bi-colored paint while another paint horse I am frequently around is a tri-colored paint. These differences caused me to wonder at a young age if there were different types of paints. I have since learned that there are three types but did not know the particular names. To further my knowledge on this specific subject, I gathered information regarding the breed of paint horses using sources such as books, journal entries, and websites.
For the F1 generation we received no male mutants or females of any kind, but four males expressed the wild type phenotype, and eighteen females expressed the wild type phenotype. The F2 generation yielded very different results from the first. In males, five scarlet eyed mutants, three white eyed mutants, eleven brown eyed mutants, and twenty five wild type males were expressed. For the females in the F2 generation, seven scarlet eyed mutants, one white eyed mutants, eight brown eyed mutants, and thirty-six wild type brick red eyes were
Genetic variation consist of the differences between individuals. The variation among humans has led to the concepts of race and ethnicity, which are not interchangeable. For the term race, can be consider a subspecies—the differences or variation within the same specie (Stanford 118). Humans belong to the homo-sapiens specie, but have phenotype variability, which are traits influenced by the genotype. While ethnicity is the culture one is born in, for example, language or religion (“What is the difference between race and ethnicity?”).
Among anthropologists it has become increasingly clear that the concept of race having a biological basis is fundamentally flawed. There a number of flaws with this concept of race. One issue is that features attributed to race, such as skin color, very across the globe in a clinal fashion rather than in uniform groups. Another issue is that there is more in-group variation within races than there is variation between races. Finally, human variation is non-concordant.
Unique Characteristics of Texas Longhorns: Longhorn Females: Longhorn cows are good mothers, they are productive and protective. They milk well, raise a calf efficiently and breed back quickly. In recent years, Texas Longhorn Breeders have sought to enhance the reach of female lines through the process of embryo transfer. Many elite females have responded well to the technique and are helping to strengthen the breed's base of maternal genetics.
The American Quarter Horse is a very popular horse because of many factors. Quarter Horses can be found working at ranches, showing at rodeos, or racing. In fact they got their name from their talent at winning quarter mile races because of their amazing speed. They are also the most popular breed of horse in the world. The American Quarter Horse Association States that there are over 5 million registered horses worldwide making it the number one most popular horse on my
I have been riding horses ever since I could remember. I saw a picture of my mother on a horse, and I instantly “had to do that.” I begged and begged, and finally my parents gave in when I was five. I have continued to keep horses in my life to this day, but, so many people have asked my dad why he “wastes” money on horses. Won’t I grow out of the “horse phase” every girl goes through, lose interest, or discover boys and all kinds of things that are apart of my generation?