Mitochondria Research Paper

the nuclear membrane is a double membrane structure that acts as a barrier separating the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 4. Mitochondria- termed as the “powerhouse of the cell,” the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP and cellular respiration. Energy is converted in this structure and used for the different activities that take place within the cell. 5.

The experiment was designed to alter the amount of exercise a betta splenden was given to observe any changes in mitochondrial content. By conducting this experiment, tissue samples were obtained and observed closely for mitochondrial content. Upon observation, mitochondria were not visible and the closest magnification only provided for a clear image of the tissue cells. The theory was modified to observe the effect of exercise on the cell continuity of betta splendens. A Likert’s scale would be used to quantify the results.

During this experiment, mitochondria were isolated from 20.2 grams of cauliflower using extraction buffer, filtration through Miracloth, and centrifusion. Twelve samples containing various volumes of mitochondrial suspension, assay buffer, DCIP, sodium azide, and citric acid cycle intermediates were prepared to be read by a spectrophotometer. The inclusion of the dye DCIP allowed for the absorbance of the reactions between the mitochondrial suspension and the TCA cycle intermediates succinate, malonate, and oxalate to be measured, as DCIP turns from blue to colorless as the activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases. Experimental Findings Increasing the number of mitochondria in the reaction did increase the reduction of DCIP relative to the amount of mitochondrial suspension present.

One molecule of ATP is generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. Electron carries that are generated into glycoses and energy from CAC that creates large quantities of ATP. Electrons are used to pass through the chain and move five protons across the mitochondrial membrane cell against the proton. This will result I a force to make the ATP. 14.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test for mitochondrial activity by isolating different organelles using the differential centrifugation process. Studying mitochondria is extremely important because they control the death and life of the cell by regulating the apoptotic signals (Frezza et al 2007). Also they are responsible for the metabolic reactions (aerobic respiration) and the production of ATP (Frezza et al 2007). Three hypotheses were formed based on my knowledge.

Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

Given the Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb's Cycle or Tricarboxylic acid, an overall decrease in the ATP production in mitochondria can be caused by deficiency of succinyl coenzyme A synthethase).This enzyme act on the conversion of of the succinyl group to succinate. Decrease in ATP levels can be seen in the substrate-level phosphorylation of converting succinyl CoA to succinate. No, the entire cycle will not be functional resulting to acidosis. The cells would choose to produce lactic acid as means of obtaining ATP.

It is made up of nucleotides ( Adenine,Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) that are connected together to form the double helix molecule. Transcription and translation happen, respectively, in the nucleus and in the ribosome to produce the protein. Similarly, these two activities make different products however, they all develop from the DNA located in the nucleus. According to the textbook, after the DNA strand breaks apart in our spot, the RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) copies all the genetic information to be delivered outside the nucleus for the rest of the formation of protein. With no doubt, this reports that DNA is at the head of the operation concerning proteins.

- Mitochondria ATP - is the cell known as the power house this

Also suspended in the eukaryotic cytoplasm are the mitochondrion and also, unique to plant cells, the chloroplasts. The mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell are responsible for producing ATP. They are known as the powerhouses of the cell. A double membrane binds them and the inner membrane is folded into partitions known as cristae. The prokaryotic cell does not contain this specific organelle either.

The synthesis of heme part involves enzymes of mitochondria and

Typically, the nucleus is the most prominent organelle in a cell. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, which means the cell’s DNA is surrounded by a membrane. Therefore, the nucleus houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes, the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus. Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers.

Explain the trafficking mechanism of mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and discuss the symptoms of one (1) mitochondrial cytopathy results due to protein

Mitochondria are vital organelles found within all cells of organisms excluding red blood cells; they are specialised compartments, and therefore possess their own DNA. By definition the mitochondria are the ‘primary energy-generating system in most eukaryotic cells’ (Chan, 2006). They are often described as the ‘powerhouse’ of cells, providing 90% of the energy required by the body for vital processes and reactions (Pike and Brown, 1975). The circular mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of only 16,569 base pairs (2) but is present in multiple copies in all cells (Lightowlers, Taylor and Turnbull, 2015).