Mandibular Orthodotation

To determine the maximum length of the femur the negroid formula was used. The height range was 146.41-153.23cm. For the humorous the mongoloid and negroid formulas were used to find the maximum length of the humerus. The height range for the mongoloid formula was 138.74-142.44cm. Then for the negroid formula 148.2-156.7cm was the height range.

The pubis body width was 25mm, which fits into the ‘Male’ category along with the Sub-Pubic Angle being lesser than 90 degrees. The pelvic cavity shape (circular) and greater sciatic notch (65 degrees) both pointed to female. The results for the skull mostly pointed to female (Upper Edge of Eye Orbit: sharp, Nuchal Crest: Smooth, Frontal Bone: Round, Mandible Shape: Rounded, Ramus of Mandible: Slanting), all except for three; shape of eye orbit (square), zygomatic process (expressed), and external occipital (generally present). The femur measurements all pointed to female. The results for the humerus mostly pointed to female except for the Transverse Diameter of Humeral Head (44.3 mm).

Through each grade of primate we can gain a better understanding of primate evolution. Changes in body structure are especially significant in primates for purposes of

This is due to a large neonatal cranium, and body size, along with the rotation of the neonate (Grabowski 2012). The series of rotations is what distinguishes modern humans from great apes, lesser apes and monkeys (Weaver and Hublin 2009). Fetal rotation is necessary

People with achondroplasia have a short stature and normal sized torso. An adult male with achondroplasia averages at about 131 centimeters (4 feet, 4 inches) in height, and adult females average at about 124 centimeters (4 feet, 1 inch) in height. Achondroplasia is medically diagnosed and cannot be cured. The word achondroplasia is literally defined as “without cartilage formation”.

Dentition(heterodont, thecodont and diphyodont) 2. Double occipital condyles 3. Double headed ribs 4. Well developed brain 5.

Once the features are determined, sculpting (for 3D cast) begins by applying tissue depth markers on 21 specific areas on a cast skull. These depth markers are required for reproduction of the facial features as they show the average tissue thickness in particular anatomical areas. Based on these characteristics, a face can be reconstructed step by step. This process is time consuming, and even then the shape of the eyes, nose, and mouth are largely speculation (Vaneziz et al., 1989). Unfortunately, the skull cannot give every clue

The pharynx is a muscular tube that extends supero-inferiorly from the base of the cranium to the level of the inferior surface of the body of the sixth cervical vertebra. The pharynx lies dorsal to the nasal cavity, the oral cavity and the larynx. The nasal portion of the nasopharynx has bony elements in its wall and thus it is rigid, whereas the pharyngeal portion is contractile as a result of the muscular nature of its wall.4 The relationship between craniofacial morphology and respiratory function has been studied extensively since the beginning of 20th century54. Some authors claim that patients with deficient respiratory functions present with lip incompetency, increased anterior face height, maxillary constriction, protruded maxillary

The first step in the patient’s orthodontic treatment is the diagnostic records appointment. Orthodontic diagnostic records are an evaluation and diagnostic tool that the orthodontist uses to determine the patients orthodontic needs. The Diagnostic Records provides a wealth of information that is not always revealed by and is an aid to visual clinical examination. Diagnostic records are made to document the patient’s orthodontic problem and to help determine the best course of treatment. These records are also helpful in determining the progress of treatment with post-treatment records taken to evaluate the final treatment outcomes and making other treatment recommendations.

Modern humans have jaws that sit beneath the rest of our skull, and small noses. The cheekbones are angled, and have a distinctive hollow beneath the eye socket, called the canine fossa. In comparison, the Neanderthals had an entirely larger face, with an enormous flattened nose, and the skull curved outwards around the cheeks rather than being hollowed out. Neanderthals also had a flatter, much larger forehead than modern man, as well as a pronounced double arch brow ridge that hung over their face. In addition, they also had an occipital bun, which is a prominent bulge of the occipital bone at the back of the head.

The physical differences among humans are seen as a result of how well the requirements for growth are met. Studies has proven that humans are highly sensitive to changes in their physical

As the size and format of the human face are mainly determined by the facial skeleton, any abnormalities of the underlying bone structure will reflect on the external soft tissue. Surgical procedures altering the craniofacial bone framework have a significant effect on facial appearance, and can contribute to facial aesthetic enhancement up to some degree (HSU et al., 2010). The square jaw with low angle deformity, commonly referred to as “square face”, is defined by a gonial angle between 120 and 90 degree accompanied by a mandibular plane angle lower than 30 degrees, resulting in a face with a flat mandibular outline (HSU et al, 2010). The prominent mandibular angle is a common facial trait throughout the world, but is especially prevalent in Asian countries. When combined with masseteric hypertrophy, it results in a characteristic “square face” (DEGUCHI et al., 1997).

As the soft tissue of the midface is elevated, there is less overhang of skin at the crease at the nasolabial fold. Thus, the cheek can achieve a much nicer correction than is seen in the standard facelift operation. The skin has more blood vessels because it is left attached to the deeper tissues below it. This may offer some advantage to the patients with a smoking history who are at high risk for skin death.

Introduction The forehead is the superior most unit of the face and it forms the upper 1/3rd of the face by aesthetic measures. The forehead resemblances a trapezium and its boundaries include the anterior hairline superiorly, the glabella and frontonasal groove in the midline inferiorly & the eyebrows and supraorbital ridge form the lateral inferior borders and laterally it is bounded by the arc of the temporal line in the temporal region. The dimensions of the forehead vary from person to person and have variations depending on the gender, age, familial features and race.

The distinctiveness present in the shape of the face and variations in the face morphology holds prime significance in the different fields like society, forensics, biometrics and authentication, psychology, genetics, orthodontics, cosmetic surgery. Recent studies on mice established the significance of the distant acting enhancers in the development of face and skull by exploring the enhancers responsible in craniofacial development. The variety of facial features like size of the nose, size and shape of the philtrum, shape of the skull, and shape of the jaw are all coded by the genes (Catia Attanasio et