Kreb's Cycle

The Krebs cycle breaks the pyruvate from the glycolysis which becomes ATP. Another difference is how many ATP they each produce. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and the Krebs cycle makes about 36 to 38 ATP. Energy metabolism is regulated by long chain fatty acids and ADP. Calcium, ADP, and NAD+ are activators.

Many organisms use energy to perform their cellular functions. That energy comes from the energy that is stored in food then converted to adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP can be obtained with or without oxygen, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product while anaerobic respiration produces Ethanol (C2H6O) or Lactic acid (C3H6O3). In aerobic respiration the “CO2 produced during cellular respiration can combine with water to produce carbonic acid.”

Next, the oxygen is protonated from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. After the reaction was completed, purification of the product was conducted using semi-microscale recrystallization.

The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

Some reactions of Cellular Respiration begin on the cytoplasm but most of them occur on the mitochondria. But for these reactions to occur the Cellular Respiration must go through some steps. First it starts off in the glycolysis ,that is where glucose is broken down to create acid molecules. Then it moves on to the Krebs Cycle which is where the molecules are broken down more and energy in the molecules are used to form a compound more

Science has been a big part of my life since the early stages of my youth. My mother taught biology at the local community college, and therefore enriched me with scientific knowledge on a daily basis. Instead of singing me classic nursery rhymes such as “Jack and Jill” and “Mary Had a Little Lamb”, she sang “Waltz Around the Cycle”: a song about the Krebs cycle. At the age of five, I could not comprehend every word of the song, for it contained advanced terminology such as “pyruvate” and “acetyl coenzyme A”. However, I understood the Krebs cycle was part of the body’s process of making energy, and all those big words were things that worked together in order for the body to function.

Cell respiration is a procedure that most living beings experience to make and acquire synthetic vitality as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The vitality is blended in three separate phases of cell breath: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citrus extract cycle are both anaerobic pathways in light of the fact that they needn't bother with oxygen to shape vitality. The electron transport chain is that as it may, is anaerobic because of its utilization of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP atoms are delivered with the help of oxygen particles.

Adding glutamate to isolated mitochondria led to oxidation of α-ketoglutarate which was then oxidised to succinate, a common Complex II substrate. However, Complex II was not activated. The rate of subsequent reactions is lower than the rate of preceding, thus, the Krebs cycle could not be sustained and succinate production was unsuccessful [4]. ß-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate were metabolised, by ß-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, respectively, to acetyl Coenzyme A, but oxaloacetate for the Krebs cycle was absent in the isolated mitochondria [5]. Likewise, lactate was metabolised to pyruvate, which, as mentioned, was unsuccessful in ETC activation [6].

Cellular respiration occurs from gathering glucose in food and using the oxygen in the air to provide energy in the form of ATP. Glucose is first broken down inside the cytoplasm of the cell through the process of glycolysis. In the second stage, pyruvate (products of glycolysis) molecules are taken into the mitochondria and changed into 2-carbon molecules. After the new molecules are created, they go through a process called Krebs cycle, in which the molecules form compounds that will be used during the next step of respiration as well as a small amount of ATP. The next and final stage is the creation of ATP using the energy in an election transport chain.

Here we get some ATP and some NADH. Pyruvate then migrates into the mitochondria, and forms acetyl-coA which will then enter into the Krebs

Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

Throughout the urea cycle, the amino acid, arginine, is changes into ornithine- this is another amino acid when hydrated, that is when water was added. During this reaction, urea is the product formed (Nelson and Cox 2008). Figure 1 shows the urea cycle, occurs specifically in the mitochondria and cytosol in the liver. (Nelson and M.Cox 2008). Urea is made in the liver by means of enzymes in the urea cycle.

Mitochondria are found in a large majority of eukaryotic cells, with their main function being to produce ATP from gathering energy from the oxidation of food and to take up oxygen, giving energy to the cell for it to carry out its functions and activities.(Friedman J.R. and Nunnari, J (2014) ‘Mitochondrial form and function’. Nature (505), pp 335-343). Mitochondria have been essential for the development and evolution of animals, without them far less effective methods of making energy, such as anaerobic glycolysis, this releases only a small portion of the energy which glucose oxidation can yield.(Lewis, J., Alberts, B., Johnson, A. and Walter, P. (2007) Molecular biology of the cell.

Mitochondria are the main suppliers of ATP in most mammalian cells, it control both neurotic and the apoptosis signaling pathway, which is the apoptotic cell death pathways. Mitochondria is associated with the coordination of the cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Mitochondria also produces and are targets of free radical species that control many characteristics of the cell’s physiology, this can be seen in Figure 1 and the structure and function can be seen in Figure 2. (Duchen and Szabadkai 2010) Currently, the theory that persists is that mitochondria is the progeny of aerobic bacteria that colonized a prokaryote (Spees, et al. 2006).

Mitochondria are vital organelles found within all cells of organisms excluding red blood cells; they are specialised compartments, and therefore possess their own DNA. By definition the mitochondria are the ‘primary energy-generating system in most eukaryotic cells’ (Chan, 2006). They are often described as the ‘powerhouse’ of cells, providing 90% of the energy required by the body for vital processes and reactions (Pike and Brown, 1975). The circular mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of only 16,569 base pairs (2) but is present in multiple copies in all cells (Lightowlers, Taylor and Turnbull, 2015).