How Enzymes Are Biological Catalysts

Each amino acid is made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side chain (Reece, J. B., Urry, L. (2016). Campbell biology. Boston Pearson). Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction making the reaction produce faster. Enzymes begin to catalyze chemical reactions with the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme.

The competitive inhibitor that was added was lactose. We predicted this because competitive inhibitors block and bind to the active site so it will slow down the binding of the desired substrate. An alternative hypothesis that came up was that the reaction of substrate would stay consistent as if no inhibitor was added. The enzyme could reject the inhibitor if it does not fit in the active site, causing the substrate to bind as it normally would. Our results showed that with the addition of lactose, the reaction did slow down a considerably

The effect of pH on the speed of enzyme interaction with substrate chemicals Hypothesis: About pH: If the pH level is less than 5, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will be slower. About temperature: If the temperature stays the same, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will not be completely affected. Background information: The function of enzymes is to speed up the biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, they do this by colliding with the substrate.

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.26.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3.

Enzymes are defined as biological catalysts since they are protein molecules that are produced by living cells. A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged itself at the end. Enzymes are biological catalysts because they increase the rate of chemical reactions in cells which would otherwise be too slow to sustain life. Several factors affect the rate of enzyme reactions. These include: temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration.

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.22.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2.

The Central Role of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9921/ [Accessed 7 Mar.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.

These enzymes have a secondary and tertiary structure and this could be affected by increases and decreases in temperature beyond the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work in. Mostly enzymes are highly affected any changes in temperature beyond the enzymes optimum. There are too

The countless chemical reactions that take place within our cells do not simply occur haphazardly, but rather occur through a highly controlled system of protein catalysts called enzymes. Like any other catalysts, enzymes function to speed up the rates of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy or the energy needed to start the chemical reaction. When no enzymes are present, the catalyzed chemical reaction does not occur at a desirable rate. Therefore, without these essential and crucial enzymes, life on Earth would cease to exist because the speed of all chemical reactions would be too inefficient for a living being to function. Enzymes are usually grouped together based on their specialization and function.

This observation matched our figure, with the reaction velocity reaching 100 O2/min when the pH was at 7.0 (neutral level). While other enzymes are most effective at different pH levels, the tertiary structure of the catalase is what makes it the most effective at neutral level. The function of a protein depends on its tertiary structure. If this is disrupted, the protein is said to be denatured, and it loses its activity (Enzymes). After passing neutral level, catalase denatures and loses some of its catalytic

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the experiments for week 5 and week 6 support each other in the further understanding of enzyme reactions. During week 5, the effects of a substrate and enzyme concentration on enzyme reaction rate was observed. Week 6, the effects of temperature and inhibitor on a reaction rate were monitored. For testing the effects of concentrations, we needed to use the table that was used in week 3, Cells.

The spot where these substrate atoms fit is known as the active site (BBC News. 2014).With the active site; it determines the shape, charge and whether the enzyme is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. On the off chance that the protein's state changes, its active site might not work. This means that the chemical has been denatured (BBC News. 2014).They can be denatured by high temperatures or extremes of pH. When there are changes in the pH or temperature, it can modify the shape of an enzyme which causes the reaction to slow down.

Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

Like all other catalysts, enzymes take part in the chemical reactions - that is how they provide an alternative reaction pathway. But enzymes do not undergo permanent changes and so remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can only alter the rate of reaction, not the position