The first theories on motivation and work motivation were developed by Maslow (1954), Herzberg (1959), and McGregor (1960). In his theory on hierarchy of needs, Maslow asserted that every human-being has a 5-level hierarchy of needs ranging from physiological, to safety and security and to self-actualization. But these 5 types of needs are not present all at once in a person. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, the individual will move up to the higher level. (Maslow 1954 and Robbins 2003). In developing his two-factor theory, Herzberg found that people, when feeling happy with their work, gave significantly different answers from when they felt bad about their work. (Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman, 1959). This signifies that an employee’s …show more content…
The central proposition of this theory is that if a person holds two cognitions, broadly defined as beliefs, that are inconsistent with one another, he will experience the pressure of an aversive motivational state called cognitive dissonance. He will then seek to remove this pressure through, among other ways, altering one of the two dissonant cognitions (Bem, 1967, p. 183). The dissonance experienced by the individual, i.e. the employee, is considered a negative intrapersonal state that he or she will seek to alleviate using a reduction strategy (Elliot and Devine, 1994). This will involve altering his or her behavior, concluding that the dissonant behavior is not important or by changing his or her attitude (Robins 2003). The experiments conducted by Andrew Elliot and Patricia Devine (1994) strongly supports "Festinger's conceptualization of cognitive dissonance as a fundamentally motivational state.” (Elliot and Devine, 1994, …show more content…
First introduced by Edwin Locke and Garry Latham (1990), the goal-setting theory, in many ways, changed the way scientists look at motivation. In 1996, Locke published a paper delineating his goal-setting theory while giving a brief comparison between his theory and previous motivational theories, which either “externalized motivation by attributing it to reinforcers” (consequences of actions) or “kept motivation within the organism but attributed it to strictly physiological mechanisms” (Locke 1996). The major assumptions on which these theories were based imply that consciousness could not be a cause of action. Goal setting, on the other hand, is very much focused on the cognitive aspect of motivation. It "accepts the axiomatic status of consciousness and volition" (Locke 1996). Locke's theory is founded on the premise that most human actions serve a certain purpose. Therefore, employees consciously have something they want to achieve when perform their duties. Specific, difficult yet attainable goals will lead to higher performance by employees. Also, high commitment to the goal is achieved when the individual is convinced that the goal is important and attainable. Goals determine the direction of the action, the degree of effort exerted toward that direction and the persistence of such an effort (Locke
This eventually leads her to challenge her self concepts to extreme levels, causing her to either liberate herself from the façade she created or sink into the role. Easy A describes many genuine psychological phenomena and I am going to focus on three of them; Cognitive dissonance theory, how societal and cultural norms dictate our attitudes and thoughts, and different ways of persuasion. The cognitive dissonance theory is the feeling of unease that is felt when we act in opposition to our attitudes, which causes a shift of attitude in order to be consistent with our behavior. Easy A depicts strongly the theory of cognitive dissonance on numerous occasions.
Cognitive Dissonance According to Webster Dictionary (), cognitive dissonance is the discomfort caused by holding conflicting cognitions simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions. It 's also believed that by adding new cognitions, a person can create a consistent belief system, or alternative by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant elements. Leon Festinger was an author, psychologist, and a realm of new light in the late 1950 's.
There are several Psychological theories that could contribute a path to delinquency. They include psychodynamic theory, the attachment theory, the moral development theory and the behavioral theory just to name a few. In researching information on Eric Smith, I believe he had several underlying issues that contributed to his violent senseless crime against a helpless little boy. I feel the lack of moral development was a huge factor that caused this youth to explode. Eric Smith was 13 years old, in 1993, when he murdered Derrick Robie, a 4-year-old little boy.
Cognitive dissonance is experienced by every human being goes through at some point of their lives, through rationalizing when there is an uncomfortable feeling for doing something that goes against their beliefs. According to this theory, individuals are able to recognize when they are acting in ways that are opposite from their beliefs. He argued that it would be hard for an individual to ignore the behaviors that violates ones principles, which will cause feelings of discomfort. Cognitive dissonance, when there are a differences and similarities between beliefs and behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate or reduce the dissonance. Feinster argued that there are three ways to help reduce or dissolve cognitive dissonance:
Although motivating employees can be a challenge, a number of theories about motivation at work can be used as a basis for creating practices, procedures and processes to affect employee
Tan & Waheed (2011) stated that the survey was done by way of convenient sampling to select sales personnel from women’s clothing stores at Bandar Sunway shopping mall located at Selangor, Malaysia. One hundred and eighty selected sales personnel of heterogeneity were surveyed by a questionnaire written in English. The questionnaire included a series of statements and questions pertaining to determinants of job satisfaction. The survey candidates were requested to indicate their degree of agreement to each. According to the researchers, linear regression analysis was performed to test the relationship between Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and job satisfaction and further analysis was done evaluating the relationship between money and job satisfaction.
I will compare and contrast Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. Erikson is a psychoanalytic theorist who believes that our unconscious mind and early experiences in life shape our development. Erikson postulates that we develop in 8 stages that he calls psychosocial stages. Bandura, on the other hand, holds that we develop based on social cognitive stages that are affected by environmental influences. Let’s start with Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.
Some early theories of motivation are, Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Theory X & Y, Two-Factor Theory and McClelland’s Theory of Needs. They are applicable in different ways, as listed below. >Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow - within every human being there are 5 needs (from low to high): Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization (drive to become, highest on hierarchy). >Theory X and Y McGregor - X = employees dislike work; Y = employees enjoy work.
Therefore, finding an explanation through psychology, for the different specific reactions that human beings exhibit is important. Social psychology is an important sector of psychology that takes interpersonal relationships into consideration. Over the years, many theories have been developed to aid in explaining human behavior, especially ones that administer social experiences. The main focus of this assignment is the analysis of the cognitive dissonance theory in social psychology. Cognitive dissonance theory attempts to explain the human behavior through cognition, in which individuals always look for stability in their attitudes and behaviors (Festinger, 1985).
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, there are five broad motivational needs classified into basic needs and growth needs (Kaur, 2013). The basic needs include, esteem, psychological, love and safety. On the other hand, growth needs involve self-actualization. In this regard, Maslow stipulated that individuals are motivated to attain certain needs (Kaur, 2013). These needs are arranged in such a way that the lower needs must be met before the higher ones.
Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviours (Cherry, 2015). It comes when a person is willing to scarified time, money and energy to do well in a task. Motivation is an inherent action that provide us impulse to do something in order to achieve our goals. In the movie The Pursuit of Happiness, Chris Gardner who had lost everything in some financial crisis and he ended up living in homeless shelter with his son. He was jobless to support his son and his wife as a result his wife leaves him.
Motivation. Most of successful organization shares a common quality that employees play an important role in business performance. So, even every firm has their dissimilar strategy to motivate their employee, these strategies yet mainly concentrate on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. There are a lot of methods Apple employs to motivate its employees. According to Maslow’s theory, low-order need should be taken as vantage.
With an array of new challenges and responsibilities to tackle, inexperienced managers often need suitable training to understand their roles and responsibilities. This course will train managers in critical skills required for planning, supervising, and communicating effectively. For a manager to reach out to the employees efficiently, it is vital to be aware of the various channels of communication. This course will guide you through the various barriers to effective communication and suggest solutions to overcome them.
Job satisfaction occurs when employees consider the type of the
Next, there are four types of important theories of motivation which includes Maslow`s H Hierarchy of Needs Theory, McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Herzberg’s Two- Factor Theory and McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory. These theories represent the foundation from which contemporary theories grew and still are used by practising managers to explain employee motivation. Motivation is an internal feeling which can be understood by manager because he is only one always close contact with the employees.” Motivation is