Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)

The cash flow statement shows how cash comes in and disperses out from the financing, investing, and operating groups over a period of time. The heading in the statement of cash flows is similar to that of the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of stockholders’ equity by displaying the name of the entity, title of the statement, specific date of the statement, and unit of measure. Cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities, positive or negative, over the change in cash plus the beginning cash balance, gives accountants the ending cash balance (Bethel,

ABC offers separately priced extended warranties for appliances sold that are non-refundable and have no limits to the potential cost of honoring the warranty. Although ABC does track warranty profits and losses by appliance type, assume that no analysis has been performed to determine the rates at which cost are incurred throughout the warranty period. Assuming that manufacturer warranties provide coverage for the appliance for 1 year from the date of purchase, when should revenues and expenses of such warranties be recognized? FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 605-20-25-3 (Revenue Recognition) states that in regard to extended warranties “revenue shall be recognized in income over the period in which the seller is obligated

As such, governments adhere to a different set of financial reporting and accounting standards. Governmental accounting and financial reporting standards help stakeholders assess how public resources were acquired and how resources are or will be spent. Accounting is a systematic reporting and recording of assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenditure. Because the public sector operates under a different environment then the private sector, government accounting is specific to the functions of the public sector. State and local governments follow the principles and guidelines developed by the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB).

Accounting for changes in all current assets and liabilities except notes payable and dividends payable will ensure that the income statement is filled

The financial data and the information provided in the analysis of the financial situation are following the accounting principles (GAAP). Some other data and results which are not accepted GAAP but related

Clients must keep records and books of accounts including cash book, sales ledger, purchases ledger and general ledger. Supporting documents such as invoices, bank statements, pay-in slips, cheque butts, and receipts for payments, payroll records and copies of receipts issued should be retained. A valuation of the stock in trade should be made at the end of the accounting period and the appropriate records maintained. Company should record sufficient to explain each transaction and to enable a true and fair profit & loss account and balance sheet to be prepared. At the end of the accounting period, a physical stock-take should be made to ascertain the quantity and the cost of the stock in hand or the cost of work in progress statements and

1) a. current liability: Money that a business owner must pay to a creditor within 12 months of the balance sheet date is a current liability. Ideally, short-term assets, such as cash and accounts receivable, should more than offset short-term liabilities, such as accounts payable, notes payable and payroll. If they do, the company 's short-term liquidity position is positive, which suggests the company will likely meet its cash-flow needs and remain a going concern. It is wise for a business owner to remain alert to his company 's current liabilities and the cash and assets that will be turned to cash within one year to meet these obligations. 1) b. Long-term liabilities are due more than a year after the balance sheet date.

What do pro forma financial statements show? There are various things Pro forma financial statement shows but first, let’s understand the word pro forma which means a financial statement based on projection and assumption of what the business future would be to determine what should be happening now. Pro forma financial statement can be thought of as a “Projected results for financial statements in the future, given assumptions about what will happen in the meantime” (Siegel & Yacht, 2009, p. 81).

Analysis • This section is regarded as the most critical step in writing an effective accounting memo by bringing together the required facts of the research, any supporting authoritative literature, and an accountants overall evaluation before forming a conclusion. • Analysis includes information from relevant guidance, along with an accountant’s own words about how the guidance is applicable. • The memo should contain enough authoritative guidance that the user will not need to perform additional research in the Codification. • Make sure to utilize the concept known as the “guidance sandwich.”

In 2002, the SEC adopted new rules and amendments to address public companies’ disclosure or release of certain financial information that is calculated and presented on the basis of methodologies other than in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The accrual accounting is more popular and be widely used in business world because it produces more accurate and faithful financial statements that constitute better representation of actual circumstances than its main competitors. The major weakness of accrual accounting is that there is some time issue such like the time of occurred and time of recorded would probably be different and it increases the risk of financial information and the risk of correctness. Also, the accrual accounting generally cost more to operate compared with cash accounting

I have chosen Nobes because there are more related articles and essays can be searched from the web, also the international accounting differences across the countries in accounting treatment is controversial issue nowadays. Differences reporting standard in accounting treatment across the countries can result in significantly different amounts being reported on the balance sheet and income statement. These differences will have impacts on cross country merger or acquisition and cross-border company comparison. I have chosen the inventory valuation applied under UK (IFRS) and US (US GAAP) as different valuation method applied to inventories could lead to enhance comparability between countries. Also it will have impact on the reported income

Also many companies reporting related to the state of the value added or environmental information, these are concentrated in industrial sectors. The financial statements reflect the financial position of company, financial performance and cash flows of the company, it is significant to note that the correct depiction of the impacts of transactions and other events and circumstances according to the explanations and criteria identification of assets, liabilities, income and expenses go in the same outline (Brealey,

According to Averkamp (2016), “accounting is the recording of financial transactions plus storing, sorting, retrieving, summarizing, and presenting information in various reports and analyses”. Therefore knowing how to carry out these tasks

Most of them are of the view that there are a number of benefits in adopting this principle. One major explanation is that conservatism arises because it is an essential component of the efficient measures and technologies that are employed in organizations and companies (Givoly, Hayn & Natarajan, 2007). Using this explanation, conservative accounting is a mode and means for dealing with problems dealing with asymmetric information and limited liability (Sohn, 2011). Even in those cases where contracting as well as managerial accounting will be separated from accounting and reporting, most of these problems will continue to exist. The contracting measures and explanations have shown that conservatism is quite beneficial when viewed from investor perspectives.

Self -Reflection on Module 8.2a Financial Management Before the commencement of the sub-module 8.2, we were supposed to choice either 8.2a (Financial Management) or 8.2b (Investing Social Security Reserves), because the sub-module is divided into two. I have decided to take the sub-module 8.2a, and during online VC sessions, I have had gained some basic knowledge from this subject (Financial Management). For me, this is the first time I had chance to learn about the subject, before that I have just heard some information about financial management only from a friend who studied Accounting and working as Auditor at Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) consultancy in Ethiopia. From the beginning I am so much eager and impressed