Abstract
Sectarianism holds hegemonic power over Lebanon that is resistant to challenges of change. Institutional and foreign actors serve to instill and reinforce sectarianism from above while political and economic elites play on sectarian sentiments to maintain and enhance their power, contributing to sectarianism from below. These efforts ensure that the Lebanese subjects remain affiliated with their respective sects, compartmentalized in self-managed communities.
Introduction
Sectarian democracy, the political system adopted by Lebanon, fuses formal and informal sectarian and democratic components. Democracy is manifested in the way power is organized: upholding democratic principles such as the rights of individuals through elections,
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This paper will explain the causes of the “stickiness” of sectarianism in post-war Lebanon first, by giving an overview of the Ta’if accords which formed the basis of the government and its consequences in creating sectarian links to society. Then the role of the Syrian intervention in solidifying and using the sectarian system. Next, the role of institutions and the political and economic elites will be considered in setting up a network of patronage encompassing the access and distribution of all resources that is dependent on and enforces sectarianism. Proceeding to the function of civil society in preserving the sectarian system, we find that they utilize the system for their advantage, and in the process, are infiltrated by the elites through clientelism. Finally, protests and other ventures that eliminate or blur sectarian lines will be examined along with their failures and consequences. This paper recognizes the complexities that gender, kinship, ethnicity and class among other factors, add to broader sectarian dynamics complicating relations within and between sects. However, due to the length of the paper, these issues will only be touched on when relevant and otherwise …show more content…
The accords aimed to establish equality among the sectarian communities, provide a foundation for further constitutional remodeling and encourage a balanced implementation of the amended constitution. However, the agreement reinforces rather than redresses deep cultural divisions among the different groups of the population. The newly formulated power-sharing arrangement enshrined sect as the foundation of political representation and mobilization in post-war Lebanon. The accords promoted a client-patron relationship between the masses and their respective sectarian elites, affirming that access to power and resources can only be reached through sectarian means, producing a weak
Another, more recent event that has significantly shaped prevailing ideologies and beliefs in responding to cultural and religious dimensions of perceived conflict was on Friday the 2nd of
War in Syria DBQ Essay Syria’s war has caused a lot of conflicts, fights, and separation. During Syria’s war a lot of people fled and left. They also started making accusations.
In chapters six and nine of Annotations, Professor Bazian provides a historical analysis of the dichotomies within race (in Confronting Race in America ch.9) and religion and philosophies (in “Islamic Reformation” and the West living in Our Minds ch.6). In chapter six, he explores the idea of an “Islamic Reformation,” a European idea inspired by Martin Luther’s actions and his disagreement with the Catholic Church. There has been a push for “Islamic Reformation” on the basis of political and social reformation. But as previously noted, this idea was initially introduced by Europeans. Professor Bazian argues that the way this “Reformation” has been constructed is critical because it was initiated by an external agent and it is based on a European
minority rights in this essay. He countered that it was exactly the great number of factions and diversity that would avoid tyranny. Groups would be forced to negotiate and compromise among themselves, arriving at solutions that would respect the rights of minorities. Further, he argued that the large size of the country would actually make it more difficult for factions to gain control over others. “The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States.”
The author argues that there is something intrinsic to Ba’th party that led to their decisions on what to do when they came into power in Iraq.
Katherine DeLong Professor Lampley RSOC 184 December 10, 2015 Final Project During this quarter, we have discussed in depth the interwoven nature of race, nation, and religion. These three concepts have proven to be deeply intertwined, to the point of inextricability. In order to discuss one of the three categories, one must simultaneously consider the repercussions of the other two. This concept has become clearer throughout the course, and it has taught me a lot about how these facets interact.
War in Syria DBQ Essay Many things cause war, stuff like Revenge, beliefs, Arguments, racism. There has be more than five five wars in Syria. Things that causes violence are are the people, the government, Islamic groups, and terrorist. The people that start wars are the pro-government,while the Islamic groups have constantly in war with the anti government terrorists have been attacking everyone.
Many believe that the Syrian war has been prolonged by outside involvement contributing to the war in Syria. A big conflicting matter is the support of different oppositions when going from country to country. Recently a big issue is Russia’s support to the Assad Regime against the United States’s support for the Syrian Rebels. This truly is believed to be the single largest factor contributing to prolonged war and failure of reconciliation efforts (Document F). US led coalition airstrikes and Russian airstrikes have also played a big part in delaying the end to the war in Syria.
Whether it be someone talking politics during thanksgiving or a political movement moving against their government's ideals, civil strife is all too common throughout history. Some of history’s finest texts can give us a plethora of examples for these moments. Homer’s The Odyssey, Herodotus the Histories, and even the poet Solon wrote about political strife in Athens. Thankfully each source have different opinions on the causes of stasis and the solution.
Islam has two main branches: Sunni and Shiite. Most Muslims, around 90% fall into the Sunni category while the other 10% make up the Shiite. The two split due to the “controversy surrounding leadership of the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad” (Brodd p501). Some Muslims thought that a new leader should be chosen by agreement; while the others thought that only the prophet’s descendants should become caliph. As the Muslims split into two due to the differences in the leadership, Sunni emerges at the more “conservative” of the two.
Terrorist group and political party, Hezbollah, meaning Party of God, was formed in 1982 from the Shia block in Lebanon. Led by leader Hassan Nasrallah, who became leader on February 16, 1992 after the death of Musawi in an Israeli air stike. Hassan Nasrallah, also referred to as 'al-Sayyid Hassan' which means descendent of Muhammad through his grandson Husain ibn Ali. Hassan Nasrallah was born into a Shia family, studied and taught religion at the school of Amal.
War in Syria DBQ Essay Since the beginning of the Syrian war in 2011, many have fled the country and settled in the neighboring states, including Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt. Currently, there are 4 million Syrian refugees registered in the region. By mid-2015, the World Bank’s estimated cost of the Syrian war for the Middle Eastern countries is $35 billion. This load is too heavy to endure, and this is why refugees have been aiming for European countries for a couple of years now.
The Lebanese Civil War lasted 15 years, starting in 1975 and ending in 1990, involving mostly the Lebanese army, the Phalangists and the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Still today, there are political complications and tension in Lebanon therefore it has never really recovered from the major war that harmed the country significantly. Most of the conflict was located in Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon however there were frequent attacks in various other villages and towns throughout the war. The essay will focus on the causes and the effects of the civil war, varying from political tensions to cultural differences. The years 1975 and 1990 are especially useful for the investigation as they will display the main causes and the main effects that are related to the war.
He contends that when an individual or group is denied its major requirement for identity, security, acknowledgment or equivalent investment inside of the general public, extended conflict is inescapable. To determine such conflict, it is essential that needs that are debilitated be distinguished and along these lines rebuilding of connections or the social framework happen in a way that needs of all people and groups are suited (Burton John, 1991,p82). For instance, this model can be helpful in the cases of African conflicts, for example, that of Darfur, Burundi, Dr Congo and Rwanda conflicts, where there are limitations on opportunity and support of its nationals in political and monetary
Stage 2 74% of people in Syria where Sunni Muslims. The other 12% was made of shia Muslim. Syria has been babied of civilization for the last 10,000 years. For many centuries, Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire which finally collapsed in 1918.That when French took over control.