CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a historical overview of existing research and literature that have channeled the dual enrollment programmatic efforts and the influences that it has had in the expansion of dual enrollment, dual credit and concurrent enrollment programs across school districts throughout the states. Grounded on theoretical theories, this study embodies to support the theoretical framework (Academic Asspirations-Disis). This chapter is framed into four sections (1) a historical overview of dual enrollment, (2) benefits of dual enrollment, (3) challenges of dual enrollment, (4) models of dual enrollment and (5) the future of dual enrollment.
The purpose of the literature
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It can be argued that the necessity to have readily available college bound population goes back as far as shortly after the end of the civil war when Charles W. Elliot first held the presidential office over Harvard University. Elliot held the longest presidency at Harvard, his tenure spanned between 1869 and 1909 upon his retirement. Initially, Elliot did not favor support for public education mainly because of poor student college-readiness and Harvard’s feeder system was made up of private college preparatory schools. Interestingly, after growing competition in recruiting students for new institutions such as Stanford, Cornell, MIT amongst others Elliot revisited his position (Christensen, 2011). His concerns for about public education lead him to hold regular faculty assemblies between Harvard faculty and high school faculty in which he proposed for high schools to adopt a Harvard developed curriculum to better prepare students for post-secondary education. Over the next several years Elliot expanded from local to national efforts as an end result was the development of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). The efforts of his work materialized in high schools placing significant effort to broaden the reach to encompass all students, including the majority who would not attend a university or …show more content…
Even within school districts that do offer dual credit coursework chances are that there will be a variance in the course options that are offered at each campus especially, for workforce or career-technical courses that are not offered district wide. Across some school districts, students are awarded fewer grade points that result in lower GPA when compared to AP courses (South Texas College Dual Enrollment Program, 2015) however, each district offers a student manual that discloses the weighted scale of AP and dual credit courses. The lack of uniformity, language, and data from state educational board provides little direction on how school districts are to model their programs. Although, the benefit of the dual credit is evident but, for countless students who seeking high GPAs will prefer to seek out courses that will give them an advantage in their class ranking. Currently, there is no central depository that collects systematic dual enrollment data and this makes it very difficult for stakeholders to access performance and statistical data for reports and further evaluation and assessments. In Texas Dual Credit policies exist both at the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) both agencies have their own data collection requirement separate from one another. A consequence brought on by the
Rhetorical Analysis Draft Three “The Privileges of The Parents” is written by Margaret A. Miller, a Curry School of Education professor at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. This woman was a project director for the Pew-sponsored National Forum on college level learning from 2002-2004. This forum assessed the skills and knowledge of college educated students in five states by a way that allowed the test givers to make state-by-state comparisons. Miller believes that “[a] college education has benefits that ripple down through the generations” and this has enabled her to work and speak on topics such as: college level learning and how to evaluate it, change in higher education, the public responsibilities of higher education, campus
Today there is a huge debate between Common Core Standards and the Alabama College and Career Readiness Standards. These two standards are highly debated and investigated amongst teachers, government officials, and parents to understand which standards will enhance student’s academic knowledge. Some state political boards do not agree with the new adoption if the Common Core Standards. After researching both standards and gaining my own opinion, I think to adopt the new Common Core Standards is a positive thing for our school systems. Even though it has some negative like difficult transition for students, standards are vague, and unequal access to technology in the classroom and at home (Meador, 2017).
Higher education is important to most people, but there are times where it does not take priority. One major issue talked about by Magdalena Kay in “A New Course” is that teachers are teaching to the state test, and not to teach students knowledge. There are two perspectives in this article: one is from Magdalena Kay, an associate professor of English at the University of Victoria, and the other is Christopher Lasch. Christopher Lasch is a historian and a social critic, who does not have an inside sight into the educational system. Lasch is only able to express the perspective of an outsider, unlike Kay who has an insight because she is in the educational system.
Conner Stripling Lowe Paper 5 Why Benjamin Barber's Argument in "America Skips School" Trumps William Henry's Argument in "In Defense of Elitism" In today’s society, it has become the norm for adolescents to choose where they would like to go after they graduate, seeking further education.
In Should The Obama Generation Drop Out Charles Murray talks about the flaws found in the Obama education plan . He brings to the attention of the public the fact that many student in America graduate lacking the skills necessary for the proper college education. Murray goes on to argue that in today 's society students who graduate from High-school go on to technical college to pursue a vocational education in their field of study; whereas, older generations have pursued an all around education, enrolling in classes that were irrelevant to the career they were pursuing. Murray claims that if you test the vast majority of Americans (including himself) in the more rigorous subjects, they would most likely fail. Murray mentions that he does
Carnoy, Loeb, and Smith (2003) found a weakness in the relationships between TAKS scores and other outcomes such as high school graduation rates and scores on college entrance exams. Other researchers (Klein, Hamilton, McCaffrey, & Steecher, 2000) analyzed increases in scores in Texas on the NAEP, increases that they state political leaders attributed to the accountability system, and found that Texas score improvements in mathematics at grade 8 are not significantly different from those of other states that did not have strong accountability systems in place. In fact their data show evidence that the achievement gap between white students and underrepresented minorities actually increased. Some argue that the data show that the accountability program actually negatively impacts schools that were already academically behind before the implementation of the accountability system (Fassold,
Liz Addison’s essay, “Two Years Better Than Four,” was first published in the New York Times Magazine back in September of 2007. Addison went to two community colleges and majored in biology; earning her degree in 2008. In her essay, she is responding to Rick Perlstein's article “What’s the Matter with College?” in which he claims, “College as America used to understand it is coming to an end” (211). Addison refutes Perlstein’s claims by saying, “My guess, reading between the lines, is that Mr. Perlstein has never set foot in an American community college” (212).
A students ACT and SAT score is just one portion of many college applications. Colleges and Universities look at GPA, an essay, and letter of recommendations to determine a student’s admission. Many people believe that the importance of the ACT or SAT score depends on the college and what other things the student has to offer (Drinkworth, 2015). The ACT and SAT tests can be an important factor in college admissions because they tests are on all subject areas, math, reading, writing, and science. Since each area is graded separately and the score is later averaged out it shows how the students does overall in the general
In Charles Murray’s essay “Are Too Many People Going to College,” he believes that the concept of college has changed over the years. According to him, a four-year college is no longer as necessary as it was when it was first created because most jobs requires more on job training. He also adds to his reasoning by mentioning that because of the advancement of internet, physical libraries and the physical proximity of student and teachers is less important. Because of the changes he noticed he believes that people should go to college but not for liberal education. He makes the claim that the basic core knowledge of liberal education should be learned in elementary and middle school and that only people with high academic abilities should be encouraged to go to college.
However, it is still an issue for students to cough up that money. The idea of making community college free to any student in America has been a dream for low income students for a while. President Obama’s desire to make the tuition of community college to everyone in the nation would only make it difficult for students to get a free education, limit them to essential resources, and discourage students from applying to four year universities. Granting free community college tuition to incoming freshmen will draw “more students to already crowded community colleges”. Along with the overcrowded campuses, a very long waiting list will soon form making it just as competitive to get into a four year university.
Going to college for many students is just a normal part of life. It is what will enable them to get an education that eventually will lead to get a well-paid job and the resources and the status to live a comfortable life. But for college professor, Andrew Delbanco, the American college has a higher purpose. In the article “College at Risk”, Delbanco states that colleges should be promoting critical thinking among students, through knowledge of the past and the interaction with each other; as well as, help them discover their talents and passions and figure out what they want to do in life. This type of education is called liberal arts and for Delbanco, it represents the ideal education.
“3 Reasons College Still Matters” by Andrew Delbanco 3) “Surely, every American college ought to defend this waning possibility, whatever we call it. And an American college is only true to itself when it opens its doors to all - the rich, the middle, and the poor - who have the capacity to embrace the precious chance to think and reflect before life engulfs them. If we are all serious about democracy, that means everyone.” 4) In this part of the writing Andrew Delbanco tries to persuade his audience by using the pattern of logic that agrees with the overall argument but also considers another striking point of view to strengthen the argument (While these arguments are convincing, they must also consider…).
Introduction Standardized tests may be used for a wide variety of educational purposes. For example, they may be used to determine a young child’s readiness for kindergarten, identify students who need special-education services or specialized academic support, place students in different academic programs or course levels, or award diplomas and other educational certificates. Thesis Statement Standardized tests should not be eliminated completely, but should rather be evaluated in addition to other factors such as grades, extracurricular activities, and volunteer hours. This would take pressure off of students during standardized tests, allow colleges to see how well-rounded the students are, and give students who are better in other areas
SATS and ACTS have been used for numerous years as a way to gauge a student’s academic success while in college. Students have the choice which test they would prefer to take and most colleges do not prefer one test over the other. There are a few key differences between the SAT and ACT, which may make one test more suitable than the other for those taking the tests. Many studies have proven that the SAT and ACT are not the best judge of future success, and that colleges should focus their applications more on past grades and accomplishments to decide which students should be accepted to their university. SATs and ACTs are not an effective measure of college readiness and future academic success.
- Literature is a part of our history, a glimpse of modern society, allows us to interpret our emotions, enrich our experience and help us discover and gather information. Literature is something that needs to be studied and understood, it is one way for us to know the lifestyle, culture and beliefs of specific people, it also allows us to express ourselves, unleash our imagination and fully understand the world around you, but also the past, and possibly the future one should study literature. - Literature is a part of our history, a glimpse of modern society, allows us to interpret our emotions, enrich our experience and help us discover and gather information. Literature is something that needs to be studied and understood, it is one way