Social Categorization Theory

For instance, integration states that it is not necessary to leave one’s culture behind to pursue success. Integration, compared to assimilation, is multidimensional in nature. It allows for immigrant groups to establish

However, his theory and most of the previous research focus on mainly immigrants’ acculturation. Considering that there are also other groups such as sojourners and expatriates, Berry’s theory and other acculturation theories may not totally apply to the groups apart from immigrants. (Lian & Tsang , 2010). Furthermore, acculturation is usually referred as an adjustment and adaptation process of cultural change as the final outcome (Adler and Gielen (2003). For this reason, the extensive body of research in the expatriation literature has focused on cross-cultural adjustment process of individuals and minority groups in response to their contact with the dominant majority and it constitutes the central conceptual framework of this

Summary: How Diversity Make Us Smarter In this essay, “How Diversity Make Us Smarter,” Katherine Phillips illustrates how diversity functions effectively in a group, organization, and society. Philips states diversity has several advantages, such as enhancing creativity, evoking more thoughts, changing behavior, and promoting hard work. Philips supports the advantages by showing the positive outcomes come from different university researches and studies.

Group think According to Janis, who coined the term; groupthink “occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment” (1972, p. 9) further group think often leads to a decrease in the mental efficacy perception of reality and moral judgement, as personages find themselves in a group system that seeks high cohesion and unanimity which delimits the motivation of the individual to realistically appraise alternate courses of action (Janis, 1972). A common trait of a collective experiencing this phenomenon, is an inclination to take irrational decision making in addition to members of the group being similar in background and further being insulated from external insight. Comparably the singularity of groupthink is present in the film 12 Angry Men, and appears anecdotally, early on the film, present in the expected unanimous vote of ‘guilty,’ that will send the defendant to the electric chair. Invulnerability Literature surrounding the concept of group think is greatly rooted in the writings of Janis.

Having a wide range of cultural backgrounds are useful in the diverse costumer case that the every parts of the world have. Having an equality and diversity in the organisation send a fair norms for the employees and customers. Diversity around the workplace makes the environment interesting that creates an opportunities to discover different ideas and perceptions. A distinct workforce is important to ensure that it has an accessible, affordable and quality healthcare system. IV.

Most important, this model allows for investigation of clients ' level of conformity and idealized identification with the dominant culture as well as their rejection of their own culture.”

Social categorization theory developed by Turner (1978) describes the categorization of people based on salient attributes like gender, ethnicity or age, resulting in stereotyping on the basis of these differences. Social categorization theory posits that similarities and dissimilarities of demographics can lead formation of different group with resulting effects on member of in-group favorably themselves to the detriment of members of out-groups social (Turner, Brown & Tajfel, 1979). Self-categorization theory explains when individuals categorize themselves by assigning to themselves the manners, actions and other characteristics they link with association within a specific group (Schmitt, Branscombe, Silvia, Garcia, & Spears. 2016). By means of self-categorization and membership of a group, people cultivate a social identity that functions as a social-cognitive scheme (customs, standards and attitudes) for their group associated action. The tendency is for the perceiver to consider these attributes as vital to his or her own personality and thus use these attributes to label others (Hoffman Harburg, & Maier, 2014).

Both during and after moving to a new country, immigrants face many hardships. The process of obtaining citizenships is difficult in itself, but even when citizenship is earned there are still challenges. One major difficulty some immigrants may face is dealing with xenophobia. Immigrants who experience xenophobic prejudice can find adjustment to a new life very difficult. In contrast, those who are treated with kindness and as equal citizens find assimilating to a new culture easier.

The subject of the two articles used in this analysis is diversity. One article written by (Harold Andrew, and Vincent Raj Kumar) explains the diversity within the workplace. The other article which has been written by (Atul Gupta, and Kartik Raman) comments on board diversity and CEO selection. Diversity has several dimensions on which can be grouped, such as, race, gender, ethnicity, religious beliefs and sexual orientation. ‘’diversity management is a process intended to create and maintain a positive work environment where the similarities and differences of individuals are valued, so that all can reach their potential and maximize their contributions to an organization’s strategic goals and objectives.’’

The theoretical framework is based, on the one hand, on theories that explain the integration model in each country, which are assimilation and multiculturalism. On the other hand, it is based on the intersectionality theory, which explains the multiple-discrimination that a person can experience. The selected three theories are essential to formulating the research hypotheses, which will subsequently be tested throughout this study. 4.1. Assimilation and multiculturalism

Milton Gordon believed that the process of assimilation can be separated into seven different subprocesses. However, the book focuses entirely on the first three processes of assimilation. The first process of assimilation is acculturation or cultural assimilation. This is when members of the immigrant or minority group learns the culture of the dominant group.

- Ways in which diversity can impact on work and work relationships - The similarities and differences that exist between you and your work community may have an impact on your work. Everyone around you will have similarities and differences, there is a reason we are all individual people, we are all different and have something different to offer. Culture plays an important part in shaping a person’s behaviour. Cultural values and beliefs provide a framework for people to make assumptions about and respond to their situations and or circumstances. Culture also strongly influences perceptions and expectations.

One can define assimilation the process of being open to interpretation and learning about the culture one lives in. In order to gain knowledge and a sense of self, one must assimilate with the current society. A culture is the style of living and way of acting that one grows up in. There are different customs and traditions per distinct lifestyles such as Bar Mitzvahs, Quinceaneras, First Communions, etcetera, that should not be contained to only those familiar with their own customs.

Key works: workforce diversity, contract workers, employees, diversity, divergent attitude, human resource management, international employees, consumers, consumer behavior, empathic marketing 1.2 Thesis Statement Diversity in the workforce provides unique employment opportunity and benefit, strengthen organizational outcome and further provides a platform to Exchange culture and lifestyle. On the other hand diversity workforce challenges increased in cost of training requires HRM careful employee’s selection and increased conflict due to demographic differentiation. 2 Part

Negotiation and Social Decision-Making Assignment 4 a. The processes of social categorisation and social identification could be harmful for collective interests if the person is unable to make his/her membership in the collective category salient, which could possibly lead to the lack of cooperative behaviour towards collective unit. This might occur when the person’s levels of categorisation in another domain (either subgroup or single individual) is the most salient. In subgroup categorisation, a person might develop a high identification with their subgroup and consequently, he/she allocates more resources toward actions that solely reward their subgroup while abandoning the needs of larger society (collective unit). Similarly, if the individual categorisation is the most salient, the person might possibly show less concern about their collective interest compared to his/her personal interest. b.