Chemical Reaction Lab Report

The human body consists of enzymes which allow foods to be broken down and enable organisms to build chemical substances such as other proteins, carbohydrates and fats that are necessary for life. This experiment will be testing the enzymatic reactions with toothpicks. This experiment depicts the process when a substrate binds with an enzyme. However, only a specific substrate can attach to a specific enzyme. This allows the substrate to attach to the enzyme and then disconnect the enzyme overall causing the substrate to break in two.

Introduction The experiments in this lab each involved a Diels-Alder reaction. A Diels-Alder reaction is a one-step reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile. The Diels-Alder reaction is exothermic. In the reaction, the bonding electrons rotate to form carbon-carbon bonds which then create a cyclohexane ring product.

In conclusion, the hypothesis that enzyme would have a longer reaction time in higher temperature was supported. We did however find that the enzyme had the lowest reaction time during body temperature. This does pertain to the real world since enzymes tend to have optimal conditions under body temperature. There could have been potential errors that occurred during the experiment. One of them being that temperature of the boiling water when the first three test tubes were inserted.

The type that ferments acid would ferment a variety of acids like lactic or acetic

The substance would be same but it would have a higher smell. Vinegar - Baking Soda Homogeneous Mixture It will create a

Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Using the Grignard Reaction and Acid Workup Amanda Sokol Partner: Jack Platacz TA: Edgar Reyes Cruz Lab: Tuesday, 1:40 - 4:30 PM PSH 334 March 17, 2023 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize pure triphenylmethanol by preparing and performing the Grignard reaction followed by an acid workup step. The two-week process combined various techniques used in lab this semester thus far with some new techniques; the first week involved making the Grignard reagent and its reaction with Benzophenone, while the second week consisted of hydrolysis as well as extraction and purification of the product through recrystallization. The solid product was also characterized through melting point and infrared spectroscopy.

Arsenate can replace inorganic phosphate in step 6 of glycolysis that produces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate instead of glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte. This yields 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate instead, which is unstable and quickly hydrolyzes, forming the next intermediate in the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate. This is the same product that is normally formed in step 7. This is a problem because the product forms before it should and therefore does not reach the enzyme so the energy released cannot be harvested to generated ATP. Arsenate wastes energy by the uncoupling phosphotransfer reaction so its very POISONOUS.

Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts, meaning that they increase the speed of a reaction without being changed themselves. The enzyme has two main jobs in a reaction that cause the reaction to increase. The first job is to bring substrates (the substances that the enzyme will be reacting on that bind to the active site in the beginning a reaction) together in an orderly fashion so that they can interact during the reaction. It’s second job is to decrease the energy needed for a reaction to take place. These tasks can be completed more efficiently in specific temperatures or with specific pH levels.

Introduction Proteins are a type of macromolecule that is essential for living organisms as they have various structural, functional, and biochemical purposes. They are used for structural support, enabling organisms to move, catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting materials and regulating cellular processes (Purcell, 2016). Proteins are composed of distinct amino acids that are linked with peptide bonds. Proteins can be very complex since many combinations can be made due to the 20 unique amino acids that exist. Structure plays a crucial role in determining the function of proteins as there are 4 different levels of structure.

Enzyme assays are performed to serve two different purposes: (i) To identify a special enzyme by proving its presence or absence in a distinct specimen. (ii) To determine the amount of the enzyme in the sample by monitoring the disappearance of substrate or appearance of product. Enzymes speed up reaction rate by decreasing the activation energy required to start the reaction. Activation energy is the energy required to break certain bonds in the substrate so that other bonds can form. The formation of these new bonds results in the formation of the product by measuring the changes in absorbance due to the substrate (starch) being changed into product by the amylase enzyme.

Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.

pH is a determined value based on a defined scale. This scale ranges from 1-14. The lower the number is the more acidic the water is, and the higher the number the more basic it is. If water or a substance has a pH of 7, then it is considered neutral. Both, natural and man-made factors can change pH levels in water and other substances.

Since almost all chemistry is done in water, the fact that this limits the Bronsted-Lowry definition is of little practical consequence. The Lewis definitions of acid and base do not have the constraints that the Bronsted-Lowry theory does and, as we shall see, many more reactions were seen to be acid base in nature using the Lewis definition than when using the Bronsted-Lowry

Very strong acids will burn if they touch your skin and can even destroy metals. Acid rain

Despite the fact that there might be many sorts of particles in an answer, pH concentrates on groupings of hydrogen particles (H+) and hydroxide particles (OH-). The scale measures values from 0 as far as possible up to 14. Refined water is 7 (ideal in the center). Acids are found in the vicinity of 0 and 7. Bases are from 7 to 14.